The aim of this study was to evaluate our experience on laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy (LDN). During the last 1,5 years we have gradually expanded the use of minimally invasive LDN with various techniques: strictly laparoscopic and hand-assisted laparoscopic. This comparative study is based on 250 conventional open LDN and 61 laparoscopic LDN. Minimally invasive hand-assisted technique was shown to be associated with a significantly lower risk of major complications and intraoperative incidents, as well as reduced warm ische- mia and operative time. There was no negative impact on recipient’s results. In our opinion, the introduction of hand-assisted technique is probably the most significant single factor for improved results, although accumulated experience and developments in equipment will contribute. Improvements in surgical outcomes following donor nephrectomy may enhance living donor programmes. 

The results of 21 courses of antiviral therapy (AT) in 18 pts with HCV infection after cadaveric liver transplan- tation have been analyzed. (One recipient received AT twice due to noncompliance and two patients re-started AT PEG-IFN monotherapy). AT included PEG–IFN alpha-2a (180 mcg/w) in 18 cases or PEG-IFN alpha-2b (1,5 mcg/kg/w) in 3 cases combined with RBV (9,9 (3,3) mg/kg/day). Since 2008 epoetin-alfa (30,000 U/w) and filgrastim (300 mcg/w) were added to correct cytopenias for all treatment duration. Sustained virologic response was achieved in 25% cases (ITT) or in 40% cases (completed 80/80/80 rule per protocol). Rapid virologic res- ponse occurred only in 2 patients with non-1 genotype HCV with respectively low viral load, and complete early virologic response (EVR) – in 10 (56%) of 18 patients. Complete EVR occurred in all non-1 genotype pts, but only in 5/13 pts with HCV genotype 1 (p = 0,036). Four pts achieved negative serum HCV RNA post 12 week of AT. The early viral dynamic is slower in AT of recurrent HCV infection in liver transplant recipients than in non-transplanted patients. Growth factors can safely and effectively be used in complex treatment of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. 

Article provides elaborated method of kidney grafts quality evaluation by virtue of hypothermic perfusion data and express biopsy results. 27 kidney transplantation in older age recipients group were carried out from elder kidney donors. 7 of them were double kidney transplantation. First results of transplantation in elder recipients were compared with 31 transplant procedures in young recipients from optimal donor. To day 90 there were no significant differences in creatinine level between the study and comparison group. 

There is well known fact that kidney transplants from Extended Criteria Donors may increase risk of De- layed Graft Function and Primary Non-Function of transplants. We have collected and tested 65 «zero» kidney biopsies from cadaver donors aged from 19 to 71 years old. In the pool of elderly donors who died from cerebrovascular accident the frequency of nephrosclerosis presentation was higher than in donors of yonger age who died from craniocephalic trauma. Nevertheless in the general donor pool the number of sclerosed glomeruli was no more than 12%. We did not meet at all in the whole volume of material any bi- opsy with the severe degree of arteriosclerosis. The «zero» biopsies of cadaver kidneys is quite usable and unexpensive tool to measure the degree of nephrosclerosis in order to exclude kidneys which are not fitable for transplantation. 

In our study there were 56 patients (54 men and 2 female) in age from 16 to 61 (41,2 ± 2,7) years. Severity of CHF in 36 (64,3%) patients were corresponded III class NYHA, in 20 (35,7%) patients – IV class. 12 (15,5%) patients was in 1B status of UNOS, 44 (60,8 %) patients – in II status. In all cases biatrial technique of OHT was used, total ischemic time was 107–330 (170 ± 11) min. All recipients were divided on two investigate groups. In the 1-st group (n = 31) recipients with pretransplant ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM ) were included, in the 2-nd group (n = 25) – recipients with pretransplant dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). There was no difference bet- ween groups in basic preoperative characteristic, ischemic transplant time, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, type and severity of cardiac transplant dysfunction. Our study showed that ICM-group patients had higher level indexed systemic vascular resistance since 3 postoperative day, required more frequent use of dobutamine and isorbide dinitrate for systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic management in this category of heart recipients. Also ICM-group patients had more preferable systemic hemodynamic conditions for application of prostaglan- din E1 in more effective doses. 

Today the problem of better life quality of patients with end stage renal disease and after renal transplantation and their sexual adaptation is considered to be more impotent. The clinical part of the investigation is the obser- vation of 205 patients – men with terminal stage renal disease. Erectile dysfunction is represented in 91,4% (64) of patients getting haemodialysis, 92,3% (24) of patients getting peritoneal dialysis, 61,5% (67) of patients after renal transplantation. According to International Index of Erectile Function the mean score of erectile function is 16,7 ± 5,2 in haemodialysis patients, 19,46 ± 3,6 in peritoneal dialysis patients, 21,9 ± 5,6 in patients after renal transplantation. The analysis revealed great prevalence of erectile dysfunction and interest in improvement among the patients with end stage renal disease and after renal transplantation. 

This article presents statistical analysis of vesico-ureteric reflux and uretero-vesical obstruction incidence after kidney transplantation depending on technique mode. In this item prevalence of chronic pyelonephritis and spe- cies of causative agent data are analyzed. The necessity of effective methods to accomplish the uretero-vesical anastomosis is suggested. 

The newborn rabbit pancreas was used as a source of ductal epithelial cells. Our approach includes the cultiva- tion of pancreatic tissue microfragments without preliminary islet and duct isolation. Under ordinary conditions we found the epithelial pancreatic cell monolayer. The cultivated monolayer cells were shown by immunofluo- rescence to express special ductal cytokeratin 19 and were insulin- and glucagon-negative for 7–15 days. 

It was found that short-term (15 min) and energy weak electromagnetic influences (a weak laser radiation, λ = 0,89 μm, repetition frequency 4 Hz and 3000 Hz, and vector potential of magnetic field value of 10–5–10–4 Tl×m) influenced on a six-day cultured mouse fibroblasts metabolism. A magnitude and trend of the effect depend on radiation power and repetition frequency. 

The differentiation of the cases of the right ventricular failure in transplanted heart should be complex and challenging. The 28-year old man with dilated cardiomyopathy underwent orthotopic heart transplantation. After transplantation developed right ventricular failure. The biopsy (n = 5) didn’t reveal any signs of myocardial rejection. There were noted some signs of inflammation in lateral right ventricular wall only by gated SPECT. The right ventricular failure increased and 6 months later there was successfully performed the heart retransplantation on the patient. The virusological study revealed the Epstein–Barr virus in myocardium. The explanted heart research excluded limphoproliferative disease by immunogystochemical tests. The final diagnosis is myocarditis. 

The basic variants of cytokines reactions defining type of organ dysfunctions are revealed in the course of car- diopulmonary bypass and in the early postoperative period. Their character and expression, depends on gravity preoperative an immunodeficiency and initial degree of heart insufficiency. Diphasic dynamics of development of system inflammatory reaction is confirmed after cardiopulmonary bypass: increase of levels proinflammatory cytokines is in the first phase and anti-inflammatory cytokines with development immunodepression and cellular anergy in is the second phase. Also, key role IL-1Ra is revealed in restraint of hyperactivation of system inflam- matory reaction. Blood whey levels IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF, TNF-α and IL-1Ra should be defined to cardiopulmonary bypass, in 10–12 hours, 24 hours and 3 days after cardiopulmonary bypass and may be used as prognostic criteria of development of postoperative complications. 

Kidney transplant recipients may have pre-transplant alloantibodies or develop de novo anti-HLA and non- HLA antibodies after transplantation. Although these antibodies may be donor-specific or non-donor-specific, their presence may increase the risk for acute and chronic rejection, thereby decreasing allograft survival. The introduction of high sensitive and specific methods to detect anti-HLA antibodies, both before and after trans- plantation, will help to define transplant recipients who might be at increased risk for early or late allograft failure. Moreover, knowledge of alloantibody status before transplantation may help to guide the appropriate use of immunomodulatory agents and plasmapheresis to remove anti-HLA antibodies or downregulate their production. The review focuses on the associations between renal graft outcome and pre-transplant and de novo alloantibodies. 

In the following paper we present thedetailed analisys of data available in the literature concerning the «zero» byopsies of donor kidneys and «hour» byopsies of kidney allografts. With attention we take a look on a previous existed pathology of cadaver kidneys discovered through byopsies. We trying to define the role of preexisting pathology in the following results of transplantation. Moreover we describe the histologic criteria of suitability of cadaver kidneys for transplantation 

This review highlights the main problem in organ donation practice. There was done the analysis of main orga- nizational solutions and best organ donation policy practices with accent on Spain Model of organ donation, and the comparing U.S. organ donation system. Last «break through» international initiatives for improving organ donation practice were brought from WHA and WHO resolutions. 

The presence of certain infection in potential organ donors is significant problem for Russian Transplantology. The increase in detection of donor’s infections could be due to increase in general donor’s pool and also to utili- zation of modern diagnostic screening. We should strictly define which infections carry a real threat to recipients and which are not. In the present paper we did the literature review which we believe will help us to solve the problem.