In the present research features of current of clinical and structural changes are considered at acute rejection at the patients who have carried orthotopic transplantation of heart. Results of retrospective research are based on studying 1119 endomyocardial biopsy in a combination to clinical displays, given invasive and the noninvasive techniques of diagnostics used at 62 recipients of heart recipients before 10-years period of supervision. Character of changes of wall thicknes of LV, mass of a myocardium, ventricular end diastolic volume, and also a degree of infringement of pump function allow to characterize distinctions in clinical displays acute cellular and humoral rejection. 

One of the most essential autoimmunity risk factors for development of CAD are increasing level of anticardiolipin antibodies and homocystein. This report presents retrospective analyses of 39 heart transplant recipients with maximal follow up over 16 years. Our results showed that hyperhomocystenemia and high levels of anticardiolipin antibodies play great value in development of CAD. Thus relative risks for development of CAD in presence both high levels of anticardiolipin antibodies and homocysteine are higher, than in traditional nonimmune risk factors. 

The retrospective analysis of the influence of histological changes in donor kidneys on the KAG function during first year was conducted in 75 recipients of a cadaveric kidney. The state of tubuli, glomeruli, interstitium, vessels was assessed semiquantitatively in the material of «0»-biopsies. The endpoints were serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate at 3, 6 and 12 months. KAG function in the first year is programmed by histological changes in all compartments of donor kidney. Influence of histological changes is time-dependent: the effect of ischemic damage shows up quickly, but disappeared after 6 months; the effect of arteriolohyalinosis and arteriosclerosis begins to show up later – since 6 months; changes in glomeruli have influence on a KAG function in 3 months and 1 year; interstitial fibrosis in cortex and medulla negatively influences KAG function on the extent of all first year. Our data argue for the necessity of «0»-biopsies examination for the prediction of KAG subsequent function. 

In pilot article the psychological status of patients with viral cirrhosis in various terms after liver transplantation is studied. On the basis of the used psychological techniques at 10 patients which middle age 42 ± 7 years, average term after transplantation 11,0 ± 6,5 months. Authors revealed the raised level of uneasiness, infringement of social contacts, especially memory decrease. Further it is planned to study interrelations and dependences of various psychological aspects of the person, features of disease and treatment. 

The first Russian experience of using telbivudine in liver transplant patients discussed in this article. Goal of telbivudine therapy in patients after liver transplantation was a prophylaxis and treatment of chronic hepatitis B recurrence. First data were received after 12 months since start of therapy, viral replication was inhibited, and that was similar with GLOBE trial results published at 2009. 

Bone mineral density (BMD) was estimated twice in 18 recipents of ortotopic liver transplantation. There was decreased BMD in axial so as in peripheral skeleton in early time and in vertebral or hip Ward triangle in late time following transplantation being lower in primary biliary cirrosis then in cirrosis following chronic virus hepatitis despite tacrolimus immunosupression without prednisolon. Tacrolimus immunosupression with prednisolon in primary biliary cirrosis patients in late postoperative time was associated with hard BMD lowering which correlated with glucocorticoid therapy duration and prednisolon cumulative dosis. 

A cadaveric kidney transplantation (KT) combined with distal venous splenorenal anastomosis is suggested as the surgical method for type 1 diabetes treatment (Shraer T.I.). This kind of operation was performed in 3 patients with the late stage of diabetic nephropathy (plasma creatinine 0,35–0,49 mmol/l). The results of our analysis showed positive influence of the above mentioned surgical treatment, reflect on the diabetes nephropathy, neuropathy and angiopathy. 

The dependence between minute calcium and sodium excretion from 1 L glomerular filtrate (CaE/GFR; NaE/GFR) with NaE/GFR from 0,1 to 9,71 mmol/l GFR was studied in 103 health volunteers. There was received asymptotique curve with r2 = 0,54; Y = 0,06 [1 – exp (–x/2,34)]. The nomogramm with confidence intervals of 95% was built. On the basis of renal physiology it was offered differentiate gradual (to electrochemical gradiate created by sodium reabsorbtion) and active calcium reabsorbtion. It was assumed that gradual calcium reabsorbtion is equel to sodium reabsorbtion and may be estimate by NaE/GFR, CNa/GFR. We considered that active calcium reabsorbtion is normal if the correlation between CaE/GFR and NaE/GFR is inside being decreased if the correlation is higher and increased if the correlation is lower probable intervals. We proposed T-score CaE/GFR as the quantative parameter of active calcium reabsorbtion. It varied in health volunteers from –1,74 to +2,15. The method was applied in 236 recipients of allotransplanted kidney. 

Case report represents two episodes of procalcitonin elevation in dynamics, connected with different induction mechanisms of this sepsis marker at the patient after combined pancreas and kidney transplantation. 

The first experience of hand-assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy is described in the article. A new technique of the operation and it’s results are discussed in details. Advantages of this type of the operation in comparison with open and full laparoscopic techniques are presented. 

The potential of donors after cardiac death is actual issue. The crucial point in uncontrolled donors after cardiac death is the warm ischemical time. Definition of the limit of warm ischemic time is was the one task of our work and other one is development of preservation protocol saving quality of kidneys. There were 6 uncontrolled donors with warm ischemic time from 45 up to 91 minutes in which was adapted extracorporal perfusion device for preservation and restoration of kidneys after ischemical damage. The main attention was paid to the elimination of leucocytes as the main damaging factor from modificated donor’s blood circulating in device. In 6 of such kidneys recipients from 12 were immediately graft function, and to the end of third month the average creatinine was 121,3 ± 28,9 mmol/l. Treatment of ischemically damaged kidneys by normothermic extracorporal perfusion with leucocytes depletion before procurement could consider as challenging protocol and demands further study. 

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a rapid response transcription factor for genes whose products are critical for inflammation and immunity. In this review structure and general properties of NF-κB the role of transcription factor NF-κB in allograft rejection are presented. In this review considered the mechanism activation of NF-κB in allograft rejection and its role in following pathological processes: endothelial cells activation, recipient T-cells activation and maturation of dendritic cells (antigen – presenting immune cells). NF-κB – targeted therapeutics approaches, that might be effective in transplantation are presented. 

Sinusoidal cells play the key role at all kinds of liver regeneration (physiological, reparative, fibrogenetic), which vector depends on adaptative reserves of these cells (first of all Ito cells) stressful damaging factors affect. It was demonstrated that under reparative liver regeneration the recovery of hepatocytes pool originates not only from mitosis, but from regional stem cells – oval cells, Ito cells and from migrating bone marrow cells. Fibrogenetic liver regeneration occurs as a result of inhibiting stem cell function of Ito cells and bone marrow cells. 

Different angiogenic factors induced angiogenesis stimulation in ischemic tissues stays in the focus of scientific research for long time. The key role in ischemic angiogenesis belongs to endothelial precursor cells, plenty of which are reserved in bone marrow. Resident endothelial precursor cells are also found in some tissues and in circulation. These cells are involved in neoangiogenesis as well. Theoretically, injection of exogeneous endothelial precusor cells might contribute to restoration of circulation in the ischemic organ. Various types of cells have been approved for regeneration stimulation in a number of experimental protocols. A various degree of improvement of myocardial contractive function has been obtained as a universal result of these investigations, though the mechanisms underlying observed effect remain evasive. The paper focuses on advantages and drawbacks of embryonic, hematopoetic and mesenhimal stem cells application for angiogenesis stimulation and organs and tissues regeneration. 

The in-depth review is dedicated to the acute kidney injury. This conception is wider than acute renal failure. Even minor decline of renal function bias outcomes, so early diagnosis of acute renal injury is exceedingly important. The new markers of kidney injury are actively investigated. RIFLE criteria provide universal approach to a problem at first, and allow comparison of study results at second. 

The in-depth review is dedicated to the acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery and heart transplan- tation (HT). The incidence of AKI is about 30% with requirement in renal replacement therapy in 1–3% of patients. Pathogenesis of AKI is multifactorial and includes haemodynamic, inflammatory, nephrotoxic factors. Predictors of AKI was revealed in multiple clinical studies. Data concerning AKI in patients after HT is limited. In these cases nephrotoxicity of immunosuppressive medicines has to be taken into account.