REHABILITATION OF ORGAN FROM DECEASED DONORS. NEW PRESERVATION TREND OR NEW PARADIGM IN TRANSPLANTOLOGY?
https://doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2009-3-17-29
Abstract
The articleis is dedicated to the main problem of transplantology which is shortage of acceptable donors’ organs. The tendency of expanding the donor’s pool should include policy of prevention and reduction the ischemia- reperfusion trauma of donor’s organs. The crucial role of machine perfusion in pretransplantaion improving organs quality is highlighted. The large review of literature is listed in order to state several new approaches in modern preservation trend. The definition of organ preservation is given as well as new strategy in organ acceptance is grounded.
About the Authors
S. F. BagnenkoRussian Federation
Y. G. Moysyuk
Russian Federation
A. E. Skvortsov
Russian Federation
O. N. Reznik
Russian Federation
References
1. Абрамов В.Ю. Иммунология в клинической транс- плантации органов // Трансплантология. Руководс- тво для врачей / Под ред. В.И. Шумакова. М., 2006.
2. Bagnenko S.F., Moysyuk Y.G., Reznik O.N., Loginov I.V. et al. Machine perfusion as a tool to select kidneys re- covered from uncontrolled donors after cardiac death // Transplant. Proc. 2008 Vol. 40. No 4. P. 1023–1026.
3. Биленко М.В. Ишемические и реперфузионные пов- реждения органов. М.: Медицина. 1989. С. 386.
4. Гринев К.М. Практика заготовки донорских органов по критериям смерти мозга. Преимущества без не- достатков / К.М. Гринев // Мат. конф. «Клиническая трансплантация органов (актуальные вопросы)». Москва, 14–15 апреля 2005 г. Тверь: Триада. С. 47– 49.
5. Жеребцов Ф.К., Гринев К.М. Перспективы деятель- ности донорской службы в Ленинградской области (по материалам 1996–2000 гг.) // Вестник трансплан- тологии и искусственных органов. 2002. No1. С. 3–7.
6. Иванов К.П., Мельникова Н.Н. Роль лейкоцитов в ди- намике микроциркуляции в норме и при патологии // Журнал общей биологии. 2004. Т. 62. No 3. С. 3–13.
7. Мойсюк Я.Г., Милосердов И.А. Опыт применения Сертикана – нового ингибитора сигнала пролифе- рации при трансплантации органов // Нефрология и диализ. 2006. Т. 8. No 4. С. 336–343.
8. Нестеренко И.В. Аллотрансплантация трупных по- чек, полученных от маргинальных доноров: Авто- реф. дис. ... д-ра мед. наук. М., 2008. 44 с.
9. Онищенко Н.А., Шумаков В.И., Штенгольц Е.Ш. Консервация органов и тканей// Под ред. акад. Б.В. Петровского. М.: Медицина, 1975. С. 252.
10. Онищенко Н.А. Консервация органов и тканей // Трансплантология: Руководство / Под ред. В.И. Шу- макова. М.: Медицина, 1995. С. 75–91.
11. Суслов Д.Н. Прогнозирование и профилактика недо- статочной функции почечного аллотрансплантата от асистолического донора в раннем послеоперацион- ном периоде: Автореф. дис. ... канд. мед. наук. СПб., 1999. С. 23.
12. Тарабарко Н.В. Обеспечение донорскими органами клинической трансплантации: Автореф. дис. ... д-ра мед. наук. М., 1997. С. 34.
13. Шаршаткин А.В. Применение блокатора кальцие- вых каналов исрадипина для профилактики репер- фузионных повреждений почечного трансплантата: Автореф. дис. ... канд. мед. наук. М., 1998. С. 22.
14. Трансплантология: Руководство / Под редакцией В.И. Шумакова. М.: Медицина – Тула: РЕППРОНИКС Лтд, 1995. С. 391.
15. Adams D.H., Nash G.B. Disturbance of leucocyte cir- culation and adhesion to the endothelium as factors in circulatory pathology // Br. J. Anaesth. 1996. Vol. 77. P. 17–31.
16. Allen B., Ilbawi M. Hypoxia, reoxygenation and the role of systemic leukodepletion in pediatric heart surgery // Perfusion. 2001. Vol. 16. P. 19–29.
17. Álvarez-Vijande R., Luque Gálvez P. Study of cell en- ergy charge in experimental kidney transplant with diffe- rent warm ischemia periods (0, 30, 45 and 90’) // Actas. Urol. Esp. 2008. Vol. 32. No 1. P. 41–58.
18. Ashby B.S., Belzer F.O., Downes G.L. Early assessment of renal viability during isolated perfusion // Br. J. Surg. 1969. Vol. 56. No 5. Р. 381–382.
19. Belzer F.O., Ashbi B.S., Dunphy J.E. 24-hour and 72-hour preservation of canine kidneys // Lancet. 1967. Vol. 2 (7515). Р. 536–539.
20. Belzer F.O., Kountz S.L. Preservation and transplanta- tion of human cadaver kidneys: a two-year experience // Ann. Surg. 1970. Vol. 172. No 3. Р. 394–404.
21. Belzer F.O., May R., Berry M.N., Phil D., Lee J.C. Short term preservation of porcine livers // J. Surg. Research. 1970. Vol. 10. No 2. P. 55–61.
22. Boros P., Bromberg J.S. New Cellular and Molecular Immune Pathways in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury// Am. J. of Transplantation. 2006. Vol. 6. P. 652–658.
23. Brasile L., Stubenitsky B.M., Haisch C.E., Kon M., Kootstra G. Repair of damaged organs in vitro // Am. J. Transplant. 2005. Vol. 5. P. 300–306.
24. Brasile L., Stubenitskya B.M., Boostera M.H., Koot- straa G. et. al. Hypothermia – a Limiting Factor in Us- ing Warm Ischemically Damaged Kidneys // Am. J. of Transplantation. 2001. Vol. 1. P. 316–320.
25. Brettschneider L., Bell P.R.F., Taylor P.D., Starzl T.E. Conservation of the liver // Transpl. Proc. 1969. Vol. 1. No 1. P. 132–137.
26. Brolese A., Bassanello M., Cillo U. Extreme marginal donor: severe hypothermia as a rare preservation condi- tion for explantable organs – a case report // Transplant. Proc. 2003. Vol. 35. No 4. P. 1282–1284.
27. Buia A.H., Kupiec-Weglinskia J. W. et. al. Recent deve- lopments in ischemic reperfusion injury in liver trans- plantation // Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation. 2006. Vol. 11. P. 271–276.
28. Bumgardner G.L., Henry M.L. et al. Pulsatile perfusion: a preservation strategy to optimize the use and function of transplanted kidneys // Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation. 2007. Vol. 12. P. 345–350.
29. Caldwell Ch.C., Tschoep J. еt al. Lymphocyte function during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury // J. of Leu- kocyte Biology. 2007. Vol. 82. P. 457–464.
30. Carrel A., Lindbergh C.A. The culture of whole organs // Science. 1935. Vol. 81. P. 621–623.
31. Chang G.J. et al. Expanding the donor pool: can the Spanish model work in the United States? // Am. J. of Transplant. 2003. Vol. 3. No 10. P. 1259–1263.
32. Cobert M.L., West L.M., Jessen M.E. Machine perfusion for cardiac allograft preservation // Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation. 2008. Vol. 13. P. 526–530.
33. Collins T. Adhesion molecules in leukocyte emigration // Science and Medicine. 1995. Vol. 6, No 2. P. 28–37.
34. Cypel M., Rubachal S. Adenoviral Mediated IL 10 (AD- HIL-10) Gene Therapy in Normothermic еx vivo Lung perfusion // J. of Heart and Lung Trans. 2007. (Feb) Ab- stracts. P. 212.
35. Cypel M., Rubachal S. Ex vivo Repair and Regeneration of damaged human donor lungs // J. Heart Lung Trans. 2008. Vol. 27. No 2. P. 180.
36. Cypel M., Yeung J.C. Technique for Prolonged Normo- thermic ex vivo Lung Evalution of nonacceptable donor lungs // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2006. Vol. 81. P. 460–466.
37. D’Alessandro A.M., Hoffmann R.M., Knechtle S.J., Eck- hoff D.E. et al. Successful extrarenal transplantation from non-heart-beating donors // Transplantation. 1995. Vol. 59. No 7. P. 977–982.
38. de Vries A.J. et al. Leucocyte depletion during cardiac surgery: a comparison of different filtration strategies // Perfusion. 2003. Vol. 18. P. 31.
39. Delmonico F.L., Harmon W.E. Use of expanded criteria donors in solid organ transplantation // Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation. 2000. Vol. 5. No 3. P. 227–231.
40. Demetris A.J., Fontes P., Lunz J.G. et al. Wound healing in the biliary tree of liver allografts // Cell Transplant. 2006. Vol. 15. No 1. P. 57–65.
41. Dutkowski P., de Rougemont O., Clavien P.A. Machine Perfusion for «Marginal» Liver Grafts // Am. J. of Transplantation. 2008. Vol. 8. P. 917–924.
42. Friend P.J., Moustafellos P. et al. The influence of pul- satile preservation in kidney transplantation from non- heart-beating donors // Transplantation Proceedings. 2007. Vol. 39. P. 1323–1325.
43. Gage F.A., Vodovotz Y. Normalization of nitric oxide flux improves physiological parameters of porcine kid- neys maintained on pulsatile perfusion // Nitric Oxide. 2003. Vol. 9. No 3. P. 141–147.
44. Garcia C.E., Bramhall S., Mirza D.F. Use of marginal donors // Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation. 2000. Vol. 5. P. 50–56.
45. Granger D.N., Kubes P. The microcirculation and in- flammation: modulation of leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion // J. of Leukocyte Biology. 1994. Vol. 55. P. 662–675.
46. Gravel M.T., Arenas J.D., Chenault R. et al. Kidney transplantation from organ donors following cardiopul- monary death using extracorporeal membrane oxygena- tion support // Annals of transplantation. 2004. Vol. 9. No 1. P. 57–58.
47. Greenstein S.M. et al. Selective use of expanded crite- ria donors for renal transplantation with good results // Transplant. Proc. 2006. Vol. 38. No 10. P. 3390–3392.
48. Guarrera J.V., Arrington B. et al. Hypothermic machine perfusion of liver grafts for transplantation: technical development in human discard and miniature swine models // Transplant. Proc. 2005. Vol. 37. No 1. P. 323– 325.
49. Guarrera J.V., Karim N.A. Liver preservation: is there anything new yet? // Current Opinion in Organ Trans- plantation. 2008. Vol. 13. P. 148–154.
50. Harper S., Nicholson M. et al. Leucocyte depletion im- proves renal function during reperfusion using an ex- perimental isolated haemoperfused organ preservation system // British J. of Surgery. 2006. Vol. 93. P. 623– 629.
51. Huang Y., Rabb H., Karl L. Womer ischemia-reperfu- sion and immediate T cell responses // Cell Immunol. 2007. Vol. 248. No 1. P. 4–11.
52. Jaeschke H., Wayne Smith C. Mechanisms of neutro- phil-induced parenchymal cell injury // J. of Leukocyte Biology. 1997. Vol. 61. P. 647–653.
53. Jaeschke H. Mechanisms of neutrophil-induced liver cell injury during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion and oth- er acute inflammatory conditions // Am. J. Physiol. Gas- trointest. Liver Physiol. 2006. Vol. 290. P. 1083–1088.
54. Jamieson R.W., Friend P.J. Organ reperfusion and preservation // Frontiers in Bioscience. 2008. Vol. 13. P. 221–235.
55. Jamieson R.W., Friend P.J. Normothermic organ preser- vation // Transplantation Reviews. 2006. Vol. 20. P. 172– 178.
56. Jassem W., Roake J. The molecular and cellular basis of reperfusion injury following organ transplantation // Transplantation rewiews. 1998. Vol. 12. No. 1. P. 14–33.
57. JordanJ.E.,Zhi-QingZhao,Vinten-JohansenJ.Therole of neutrophils in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury // Cardiovascular Research. 1999. Vol. 43. P. 860–878.
58. Knight A.J., Nicholson M.L. Methods of renal preser- vation // Transplantation Reviews. 2001. Vol. 15. No 2. P. 68–81.
59. Konstantinov I.E., Alexi-Meskishvili V.V. Sergei S. Brukhonenko: the development of the first heart-lung machine for total body perfusion // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2000. Vol. 69. P. 962–966.
60. Koo D.D.H., Fuggle S.V. The role of mitochondria in ischemia/reperfusion injury // Transplantation. 2002. Vol. 27, 73. No 4. P. 493–499.
61. Koo D.H., Fuggle S.V. Impact of ischemia/reperfusion injury and early inflammatory responses in kidney trans- plantation // Transplantation Rewiews. 2000. Vol. 14. No. 2. P. 210–224.
62. Kootstra G. Asystolic or non-heartbeating donor// Transplantation. 1997. Vol. 63. No 7. P. 917–921.
63. Laskowski I.A. et al. Accelerated graft dysfunction in renal isografts from non-heart-beating donors // Trans- plantation Proceedings. 2001. Vol. 33. P. 909–910.
64. Laskowski I.A. et al. Early and late injury to renal trans- plants from non-heart-beating donors // Transplantation. 2002. Vol. 79. No 9. P. 1468–1474.
65. Lauschke H., Kötting M., Minor T. et al. Use of tau- rine as antioxidant in resuscitating livers from NHBD by gaseous oxygen persufflation // J. Invest. Surg. 2003. Vol. 16. No 1. P. 7–11.
66. Lee C.M. et al. A review of the kidney that nobody want- ed // Transplantation. 1998. Vol. 65. No 2. P. 213–219.
67. Lee Chin-Yuan et al. Expanding the donor pool: us e of renal transplants from non-heart-beating donors sup- ported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation // Clin. Transplant. 2005. Vol. 19. P. 383–390.
68. Lindbergh C.A. An apparatus for the culture of whole organs // J. Exptl. Med. 1935. Vol. 62. P. 409–431.
69. Linden P.K. History of solid organ transplantation and
70. organ donation // Crit. Care Clin. 2009. Vol. 25. No 1.
71. P. 165–184.
72. Linfert D., Chowdhry T., Rabb H. et al. Lympho-
73. cytes and ischemia-reperfusion injury // Transplant. Rev. 2009. Vol. 23. No 1. P. 1–10.
74. Maathuis M.H.J., Leuvenink H.G.D., Ploeg R.J. et al. Introductin perspectives in organ preservation // Trans- plantation. 2007. Vol. 83. P. 1289–1298.
75. Maathuis M.H.J., Manekeller S., van der Plaats A. et al. Improved kidney graft function after preservation us- ing a novel hypothermic device: the groningen machine perfusion system // Annals of Surgery. 2007. Vol. 246. P. 982–991.
76. Magliocca J.F. et al. Extracorporeal support for organ donation after cardiac death effectively expands the do- nor pool // J. Trauma. 2005. Vol. 58. P. 1095–1102.
77. Mandelbaum I., Berry J., Silbert M. et al. Regional blood flow during pulsatile and nonpulsatile perfusion // Arch. Surg. 1965. Vol. 91. No 5. P. 771–774.
78. Matsuno N., Sakurai E., Tamaki I. et al. Effectiveness of machine perfusion preservation as a viability deter- mination method for kidneys procured from non-heart- beating donors // Transplant. Proc. 1994. Vol. 26. No 4. P. 2421–2422.
79. Maximilian M.R., Polyak M.Ph., Ben OMar Ar- rington B.S. et al. Prostaglandin E1 influences pulsatile preservation characteristics and early graft function in expanded criteria donor kidneys // J. Surg. Res. 1999. Vol. 85. No 1. P. 17–25.
80. McLaren J.A., Friend P.J. Trends in organ preserva- tion // Transplant. Int. 2003. Vol. 16. P. 701–708.
81. Menger M.D. et al. Microcirculatory disturbances se- condary to ischemia-reperfusion//Transplant. Proc. 1995. Vol. 27. No 5. P. 2863–2865.
82. Metcalfe M.S., Nicholson M.L. et al. A paired study comparing the efficacy of renal preservation by nor- mothermic autologous blood perfusion and hypother- mic pulsatile perfusion // Transplantation Proceedings. 2002. Vol. 34. P. 1473–1474.
83. Minor T., Sitzia M., Dombrowski F. Kidney transplan- tation from non-heart-beating donors after oxygenated low-flow machine perfusion preservation with histidine- tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution // Transpl. Int. – 2005. Vol. 17. No 11. P. 707–712.
84. Moers C. et al. Machine perfusion or cold storage in de- ceased-donor kidney transplantation // N. Engl. J. Med. 2009. Vol. 360. P. 7–19.
85. Moers C., Leuvenink H.G.D., Ploeg R.J. et al. Non- heart-beating organ donation: overview and future per- spectives // European Society for Organ Transplant. 2007. Vol. 20. P. 567–575.
86. Mone T.D. The business of organ procurement // Curr. Opinion in Organ Transplant. 2002. Vol. 7. P. 60–64.
87. Morgan S. et al. Outcomes after transplantation of de- ceased-donor kidneys with rising serum creatinine // Am. J. of Transplantation. 2007. Vol. 7. P. 1288–1292.
88. Nicholson M.L., Simon J.F., Harper L.W. et al. The Ef- fect of Warm Ischemic Time on Renal Functionand In- jury in the Isolated Hemoperfused Kidney // Transplan- tation. 2008. Vol. 86. No 3. P. 445–451.
89. Okkels H. The Effects of perfusion on the thyroid epi- thelium: the culture of whole organs // J. of experimen- tal medicine. 1937. Vol. 66. P. 297–304.
90. Pienaar B.H., Lindell S.L., van Gulik T., Southard J.H., Belzer F.O. Seventy-two-hour preservation of the canine liver by machine perfusion//Transplantation. 1990. Vol. 49. No 2. P. 258–260.
91. Pierre A.F. et al. Marginal donor lungs: a reassess- ment // J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2002. Vol. 123. No 3. P. 421–428.
92. Randawa P. Role of donor kidney biopsies in renal transplantation // Transplantation. 2001. Vol. 71. No 10. P. 1361–1365.
93. Rega F.R. et al. Long-term Preservation with interim eva- lution of lungs from a NHBD after ischemic interval of 90 min // Ann. of Surgery. 2003. Vol. 238. Р. 782–793.
94. Rega F.R., Neyrinnck A.P. How long can we preserve the pulmonary graft inside the NHBD? // Presented at the thirty-ninth annual meeting of the Society of sur- geons (San Diego. CA). Jan 31–Feb 2, 2003.
95. Rega F.R., Vandezande E.J. The role of leukocyte dep- letion in ex vivo evalution of pulmonary grafts from (non-) HBD // Perfusion. 2003. Vol. 18. No 1. P. 13–21.
96. Rodrίguez-Martίnez D., Cabello-Benavente R., Pede- monte G. et al. Technical aspects of isolated organ per- fusion systems // Actas. Urol. Esp. 2008. Vol. 32. No 1. P. 59–66.
97. Rosenberger H. An electromagnetic pump // Science. 1930. Vol. 71(1844). P. 463–464.
98. Rowiński W. Future of transplantation medicine // Ann. Transplant. 2007. Vol. 12. No 1. P. 5–10.
99. Rozenthal R. Organ Donation: Quo vadis? / R. Rozen- thal // Annals of Transplantation. 2006. Vol. 11. No 3. P. 49–51.
100. Saad S., Minor T. Short-Term Resuscitation of Preda- maged Donor Livers by Brief Machine Perfusion: The Influence of Temperature // Transplantation Procee- dings. 2008. Vol. 40. P. 3321–3326.
101. Samaniego M. Alloantibodies // Transplant Immuno- logy for the Clinicians // Pre-meeting Symposia, Am. Transplant Congress. 2007. P. 24–33.
102. Samankatiwat P., Samartzis I., Lertsithichai P. et al. Leucocyte depletion in cardiopulmonary bypass: a com- parison of four strategies // Perfusion. 2003. Vol. 18. P. 95–105.
103. Sanchez-Fructuoso A.I., Prats D. еt al. Non-heart beat- ing donors: experience from the Hospital Clinico of Madrid // J. Nephrol. 2003. Vol. 16. No 3. P. 387–392.
104. Sanchez-Fructuoso A.I., Prats D., Marques M. et al. Does donor brain death influence acute vascular rejec- tion in the kidney transplant? // Transplantation. 2004. Vol. 78. No 1. P. 142–146.
105. Schön M.R., Kollmar O., Wolf S. et al. Liver Transplan- tation After Organ Preservation With Normothermic Extracorporeal Perfusion//Annals оf Surgery. 2001. Vol. 233. No 1. P. 114–123.
106. Schreinemachers M.J. M. et al. Machine perfusion pre- servation of the liver: a worthwhile clinical activity? // Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation. 2007. Vol. 12. P. 224–230.
107. Shoskes D. Warming to non-heart-beating Donors? // Am. J. of Transplantation. 2001. Vol. 1. P. 305–306.
108. Slapak M., Wigmore R.A., MacLean L.D. Twenty-four hour liver preservation by the use of continuous pulsa- tile perfusion and hyperbaric oxygen // Transplantation. 1967. Vol. 5. No 4. P. 1154–1158.
109. Steen S. et al. Transplantation of lungs from a non-heart- beating donor // Lancet. 2001. Vol. 357. P. 825–829.
110. Steen S. et al. Transplantation of lungs from non-heart- beating donors after functional assessment ex vivo // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2003. Vol. 76. P. 244–252.
111. Steen S., Ingemansson R. et al. First Human Transplan- tation of nonacceptable donor lung after reconditioning ex vivo // The annals of thoracic surgery. 2007. Vol. 83. No 6. P. 2191–2195.
112. Steen S., Wierup P., Haraldsson A. et al. Ex vivo evalua- tion of nonacceptable donor lungs // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2006. Vol. 81. No 2. P. 460–466.
113. Stratta R.J., Rohr M.S., Sundberg A.K. et al. Incre- ased kidney transplantation utilizing expanded crite- ria deceased organ donors with results comparable to standard criteria donor transplant // Ann Surg. 2004. Vol. 239. No 5. P. 688–697.
114. Stubenitsky B.M., Booster M.H., Nidersting A.P. Kidney preservation in the next millenium // Transpl. Int. 1999. Vol. 12. P. 83–91.
115. Tilney N.L., Paz D., Ames J. et al. Ischemia-reperfusion injury // Transplant. Proc. 2001. Vol. 33. P. 843–844.
116. Tolboom H., Milwid J. M., Izamis M. L. et al. Sequential cold storage and normothermic perfusion of the ische- mic rat liver // Transplant. Proc. 2008. Vol. 40. No 5. P. 1306–1309.
117. Toledo-Periera L.N. Global organ sharing: dreams and realities // Trans. proc. 1991. Vol. 23. No 5. P. 2697. 115. Vairetti M., Ferrigno A., Carlucci F. et al. Subnormo-
118. thermic machine perfusion protects steatotic livers against preservation injury: a potential for donor pool increase? // Liver Transpl. 2009. Vol. 15. No 1. P. 20– 29.
119. Van der Hoeven J.A.B., Ploeg R.J. Effects of brain death on donor organ viability // Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation. 2001. Vol. 6. P. 75–82.
120. Van der Plaats A., Hart N.A., Verkerke G.J. et al. Hy- pothermic machine preservation in liver transplantation revisited: concepts and criteria in the new millennium // Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 2004. Vol.32. P. 623–631.
121. Van der Vliet J.A., Rievit J.K., Hene R.J. et al. Pre- servation of non-heat-beating donor kidneys: a clinical prospective randomized case-control study of machine perfusion versus cold storage // Transplant. Proc. 2001. Vol. 33. P. 847.
122. Walter G. Land The Role of Postischemic Reperfusion Injury and Other Nonantigen-Dependent Inflammatory Pathways in transplantation // Transplantation. 2005. Vol. 79. No 5. P. 505–514.
123. Wen-Je Ko, Yih-Sharng Chen, Pi-Ru Tsai, Po-Huang Lee. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support of donor abdominal organs in non-heart-beating donors // Clin. Transplantation. 2000. Vol. 14. P. 152–156.
124. Wesley A.J. Pulsatile perfusion versus static storage for kidney preservation // Current Opinion in Organ Trans- plantation. 2000. Vol. 5. No 3. P. 237–241.
125. Wolfe R.A. et al. Developing organ offer and acceptance measures: when ‘good’ organs are turned down // Amer. J. of Transplant. 2007. Vol. 7. No 2. P. 1404–1411.
Review
For citations:
Bagnenko S.F., Moysyuk Y.G., Skvortsov A.E., Reznik O.N. REHABILITATION OF ORGAN FROM DECEASED DONORS. NEW PRESERVATION TREND OR NEW PARADIGM IN TRANSPLANTOLOGY? Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs. 2009;11(3):17-29. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2009-3-17-29