Modern materials for dermal skin substitute: principles of production and modern acellular products based on them
https://doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2026-2-173-187
Abstract
The treatment of extensive and deep wounds and burns remains a highly pressing issue in modern surgery. Many of the associated challenges are linked to dysfunction of the dermis – the connective tissue matrix of the skin. Without its full restoration, achieving satisfactory long-term wound healing outcomes is difficult. This review focuses on artificial acellular scaffolds for dermal regeneration, as well as the fundamental principles underlying their design. The scaffolds discussed (Integra, Giamatrix, SmartMatrix, and NovoSorb) are already widely used in clinical practice today and have demonstrated high effectiveness. Currently, most commercially available dermal substitute products, as well as tissue engineering solutions in general, are manufactured abroad. Therefore, evaluating international experience and applying it to the development of Russian-made scaffolds could significantly improve their accessibility for patients.
About the Authors
E. V. SytinaRussian Federation
Elena V. Sytina.
1, Plochad Akademika Kurchatova, Moscow, 123182
Phone: (495) 196-71-00 *63-47
A. A. Alekseev
Russian Federation
Moscow
A. A. Panteleyev
Russian Federation
Moscow
References
1. Alekseev AA, Malyutina NB, Kozhemyakina VV. Impoving the Technology of Local Treatment in Patients with Deep Burns. Vysokotehnologicheskaja medicina. 2020; 7 (3): 18–28.
2. Beschastnov VV, Pavlenko IV, Bagryantsev MV, Kichin VV, Peretyagin PV, Orishchenko AV et al. Modern Approaches to the Technical Aspects of Split-skin Grafting. Journal of experimental and clinical surgery. 2018; 11 (1): 59–69. doi: 10.18499/2070-478X-2018-11-1-59-69.
3. Braza ME, Marietta M, Fahrenkopf MP. Split-Thickness Skin Grafts. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. PMID: 31855388. [updated Feb 14, 2025]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551561/.
4. Phelan HA, Bemal E. Treatment of deep burn injury. UpToDate.com [Internet] [updated Mar 12, 2024]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-deep-burn-injury/print.
5. Glat PM, Davenport T. Current Techniques for Burn Reconstruction: Using Dehydrated Human Amnion/ Chorion Membrane Allografts as an Adjunctive Treatment Along the Reconstructive Ladder. Ann Plast Surg. 2017; 78 (2 Suppl 1): S14–S18. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000000980.
6. Dai C, Shih S, Khachemoune A. Skin substitutes for acute and chronic wound healing: an updated review. J Dermatolog Treat. 2020; 31 (6): 639–648. doi: 10.1080/09546634.2018.1530443.
7. Widjaja W, Tan J, Maitz PKM. Efficacy of dermal substitute on deep dermal to full thickness burn injury: a systematic review. ANZ J Surg. 2017; 87 (6): 446–452. doi: 10.1111/ans.13920.
8. Rahmatullin R, Adel’shina L, Burluckaja O, Gil’mutdinov R, Gil’mutdinova I. Use of Biomaterial «Hyamatrix»® in the Arsenal of Current treatments for Burns. Vrach. M.: Russkij vrach. 2011; 12: 44–46.
9. Greenwood JE. Hybrid Biomaterials for Skin Tissue Engineering. 2016. In book: ‘Skin Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine’ Chapter: 9. Publisher: Academic Press (Elsevier Inc.), London, UK Editors: Albanna MZ & Holmes JH IV pp 185–210. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801654-1.00010-3.
10. Concannon E, Damkat‑Thomas L, Coghlan P, Greenwood JE. Role of Skin Substitutes in Burn Wound Reconstruction [Internet]. Wound Healing – Recent Advances and Future Opportunities. IntechOpen; 2023. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105179. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.105179.
11. Muromceva EV, Sergackij KI, Nikol’skij VI, Shabrov AV, Al’dzhabr M, Zaharov AD. Lechenie ran v zavisimosti ot fazy ranevogo processa. Izvestija vysshih uchebnyh zavedenij. Povolzhskij region. Medicinskie nauki. 2022; 3: 93–109. doi: 10.21685/2072-3032-2022-3-9.
12. Reinke JM, Sorg H. Wound repair and regeneration. Eur Surg Res. 2012; 49 (1): 35–43. doi: 10.1159/000339613.
13. Schuster R, Younesi F, Ezzo M, Hinz B. The Role of Myofibroblasts in Physiological and Pathological Tissue Repair. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2023; 15 (1): a041231. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041231.
14. Yannas IV. Similarities and differences between induced organ regeneration in adults and early foetal regeneration. J R Soc Interface. 2005; 2 (5): 403–417. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2005.0062.
15. Jiang D, Christ S, Correa‑Gallegos D, Ramesh P, Kalgudde Gopal S, Wannemacher J et al. Injury triggers fascia fibroblast collective cell migration to drive scar formation through N-cadherin. Nat Commun. 2020; 11 (1): 5653. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19425-1.
16. Blaschuk OW. Potential Therapeutic Applications of N-Cadherin Antagonists and Agonists. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022; 10: 866200. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.866200.
17. Chen K, Kwon SH, Henn D, Kuehlmann BA, Tevlin R, Bonham CA et al. Disrupting biological sensors of force promotes tissue regeneration in large organisms. Nat Commun. 2021; 12 (1): 5256. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-25410-z.
18. Hess A. Reactions of mammalian fetal tissues to injury II. Skin. Anat Rec. 1954; 19 (4): 435–447. doi: 10.1002/ar.1091190404.
19. Colwell AS, Longaker MT, Lorenz HP. Mammalian fetal organ regeneration. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2005; 93: 83–100. doi: 10.1007/b99972.
20. Lee YS, Wysocki A, Warburton D, Tuan TL. Wound healing in development. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2012; 96 (3): 213–222. doi: 10.1002/bdrc.21017.
21. Startupticker.ch [Internet]. CUTISS attracts CHF 25 million and enters Phase 3 clinical trials [updated 21.05.2024]. Available from: https://www.startupticker.ch/en/news/cutiss-attracts-chf-25-million-and-enters-phase-3-clinical-trials.
22. Schiestl C, Meuli M, Vojvodic M, Pontiggia L, Neuhaus D, Brotschi B et al. Expanding into the future: Combining a novel dermal template with distinct variants of autologous cultured skin substitutes in massive burns. Burns. 2021; 5 (3): 145–153. doi: 10.1016/j.burn-so.2021.06.002.
23. Yannas IV. Emerging rules for inducing organ regeneration. Biomaterials. 2013; 34 (2): 321–330. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.10.006.
24. Yates CC, Bodnar R, Wells A. Matrix control of scarring. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2011; 68 (11): 1871–1881. doi: 10.1007/s00018-011-0663-0.
25. Wells A, Nuschke A, Yates CC. Skin tissue repair: Matrix microenvironmental influences. Matrix Biol. 2016; 49: 25–36. doi: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.08.001.
26. Saraswathibhatla A, Indana D, Chaudhuri O. Cell-extracellular matrix mechanotransduction in 3D. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2023; 24 (7): 495–516. doi: 10.1038/s41580-023-00583-1.
27. Bansaccal N, Vieugue P, Sarate R, Song Y, Minguijon E, Miroshnikova YA et al. The extracellular matrix dictates regional competence for tumour initiation. Nature. 2023; 623 (7988): 828–835. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06740-y.
28. Yannas IV, Burke JF. Design of an artificial skin. I. Basic design principles. J Biomed Mater Res. 1980; 14 (1): 65–81. doi: 10.1002/jbm.820140108.
29. Yannas IV, Burke JF, Gordon PL, Huang C, Rubenstein RH. Design of an artificial skin. II. Control of chemical composition. J Biomed Mater Res. 1980; 14 (2): 107–132. doi: 10.1002/jbm.820140203.
30. Dagalakis N, Flink J, Stasikelis P, Burke JF, Yannas IV. Design of an artificial skin. Part III. Control of pore structure. J Biomed Mater Res. 1980; 14 (4): 511–528. doi: 10.1002/jbm.820140417.
31. Yannas IV, Tzeranis DS, So PTC. Regeneration of injured skin and peripheral nerves requires control of wound contraction, not scar formation. Wound Repair Regen. 2017; 25 (2): 177–191. doi: 10.1111/wrr.12516.
32. Yannas IV, Tzeranis DS. Mammals fail to regenerate organs when wound contraction drives scar formation. NPJ Regen Med. 2021; 6 (1): 39. doi: 10.1038/s41536-021-00149-9.
33. Mosier J, Nguyen N, Parker K, Simpson СL. Calcification of Biomaterials and Diseased States [Internet]. Biomaterials – Physics and Chemistry – New Edition. InTech. 2018. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71594. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.71594.
34. Tenchurin TK, Sytina EV, Solovieva EV, Shepelev AD, Mamagulashvili VG, Krasheninnikov SV et al. Effect of collagen denaturation degree on mechanical properties and biological activity of nanofibrous scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2024; 112 (2): 144–154. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.37598.
35. Woodroof EA. The search for an ideal temporary skin substitute: AWBAT. Eplasty. 2009; 9: e10. PMID: 19279675.
36. Yannas IV, Lee E, Orgill DP, Skrabut EM, Murphy GF. Synthesis and characterization of a model extracellular matrix that induces partial regeneration of adult mammalian skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989; 86 (3): 933–937. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.3.933.
37. Taupin P, Gandhi A, Saini S. Integra® Dermal Regeneration Template: From Design to Clinical Use. Cureus. 2023; 15 (5): e38608. doi: 10.7759/cureus.38608.
38. Reijmers RM, Troeberg L, Lord MS, Petrey AC. Editorial: Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycan Modification in Immune Regulation and Inflammation. Front Immunol. 2020; 11: 595867. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595867.
39. Moiemen N, Yarrow J, Hodgson E, Constantinides J, Chipp E, Oakley H et al. Long-term clinical and histological analysis of Integra dermal regeneration template. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011; 127 (3): 1149–1154. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e31820436e3.
40. Muangman P, Deubner H, Honari S, Heimbach DM, Engrav LH, Klein MB et al. Correlation of clinical outcome of integra application with microbiologic and pathological biopsies. J Trauma. 2006; 61 (5): 1212–1217. doi: 10.1097/01.ta.0000195982.71400.84.
41. De Francesco F, Busato A, Mannucci S, Zingaretti N, Cottone G, Amendola F et al. Artificial dermal substitutes for tissue regeneration: comparison of the clinical outcomes and histological findings of two templates. J Int Med Res. 2020; 48 (8): 300060520945508. doi: 10.1177/0300060520945508.
42. De Angelis B, Orlandi F, Fernandes Lopes Morais D’Autilio M, Scioli MG, Orlandi A, Cervelli V et al. Long-term follow-up comparison of two different bilayer dermal substitutes in tissue regeneration: Clinical outcomes and histological findings. Int Wound J. 2018; 15 (5): 695–706. doi: 10.1111/iwj.12912.
43. Phillips GSA, Nizamoglu M, Wakure A, Barnes D, El-Muttardi N, Dziewulski P. The Use Of Dermal Regeneration Templates For Primary Burns Surgery In A UK Regional Burns Centre. Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 2020; 33 (3): 245–252.
44. Cheng N, Jeschke MG, Sheikholeslam M, Datu AK, Oh HH, Amini‑Nik S. Promotion of dermal regeneration using pullulan/gelatin porous skin substitute. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2019; 13 (11): 1965–1977. doi: 10.1002/term.2946.
45. Weisel A, Cohen R, Spector JA, Sapir‑Lekhovitser Y. Accelerated vascularization of a novel collagen hydrogel dermal template. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2022; 16 (12): 1173–1183. doi: 10.1002/term.3356.
46. Luong D, Weisel A, Cohen R, Spector JA, Sapir‑Lekhovitser Y. Successful reconstruction of full-thickness skin defects in a swine model using simultaneous split-thickness skin grafting and composite collagen microstructured dermal scaffolds. Wound Repair Regen. 2023; 31 (5): 576–585. doi: 10.1111/wrr.13102.
47. Frueh FS, Später T, Lindenblatt N, Calcagni M, Giovanoli P, Scheuer C et al. Adipose Tissue-Derived Microvascular Fragments Improve Vascularization, Lymphangiogenesis, and Integration of Dermal Skin Substitutes. J Invest Dermatol. 2017; 137 (1): 217–227. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.08.010.
48. Rahmatullin RR, Zabirov RA, Akimov AV, Garifzjanova SM. Razrabotka nanostrukturirovannogo bioplasticheskogo materiala «Giamatriks» dlja oto- i rinohirurgii. Rossijskaja otorinolaringologija. 2011; 4: 128–131.
49. Kobayashi T, Chanmee T, Itano N. Hyaluronan: Metabolism and Function. Biomolecules. 2020; 10 (11): 1525. doi: 10.3390/biom10111525.
50. Zinov’ev EV, Rahmatullin RR, Osmanov KF, Almazov IA, Sulica AA. Bioplasticheskie dermatoterapevticheskie sistemy na osnove gidrokolloida gialuronovoj kisloty i peptidnogo kompleksa. Vestnik Rossijskoj voenno‑medicinskoj akademii. 2014; 1 (45): 147–151.
51. Stecenko BG, Diveev VA, Sirjakov MV, Ivanov GG, Koroleva KP. Opyt primenenija gistojekvivalent-bioplasticheskogo materiala gialuronovoj kisloty v hirurgii. Rany i ranevye infekcii. Zhurnal im. prof. B.M. Kostjuchenka. 2017; 4 (3): 30–35.
52. Nurmuhambetov ZhN, Nurmuhambetova AZh, Bogatova SA. Iskusstvennaja biokozha «Giamatriks» v lechenii troficheskih jazv. Nauka i zdravoohranenie. 2013; 1: 52–54.
53. Zabirov RA, Rahmatullin RR, Karkaeva SM. Plastika defektov barabannoj pereponki bioplasticheskim materialom «Giamatriks». Orenburg: DIMUR, 2013; 144.
54. Burluckaja OI, Rahmatullin RR, Burceva TI. Destrukturirovannaja gialuronovaja kislota i peptidnyj kompleks: vozmozhnosti anti-age terapii. Jeksperimental’naja i klinicheskaja dermatokosmetologija. 2014; 2: 47–51.
55. Bayer IS. Advances in Fibrin-Based Materials in Wound Repair: A Review. Molecules. 2022; 27 (14): 4504. doi: 10.3390/molecules27144504.
56. Kearney KJ, Ariëns RAS, Macrae FL. The Role of Fibrin(ogen) in Wound Healing and Infection Control. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2022; 48 (2): 174–187. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1732467.
57. Pereira RVS, EzEldeen M, Ugarte‑Berzal E, Martens E, Malengier‑Devlies B, Vandooren J et al. Physiological fibrin hydrogel modulates immune cells and molecules and accelerates mouse skin wound healing. Front Immunol. 2023; 14: 1170153. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1170153.
58. Qiu Y, Bao S, Wei H, Miron RJ, Bao S, Zhang Y et al. Bacterial exclusion and wound healing potential of horizontal platelet-rich fibrin (H-PRF) membranes when compared to 2 commercially available collagen membranes. Clin Oral Investig. 2023; 27 (8): 4795–4802. doi: 10.1007/s00784-023-05108-w.
59. Liu W, Jawerth LM, Sparks EA, Falvo MR, Hantgan RR, Superfine R et al. Fibrin fibers have extraordinary extensibility and elasticity. Science. 2006; 313 (5787): 634. doi: 10.1126/science.1127317.
60. Zarb Adami R. The pre-clinical evaluation of a synthetic fibrin-alginate dermal scaffold: the Smart Matrix™ [Doctoral dissertation]. 2019. Available from: https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/71019.
61. Brown SJ, Surti F, Sibbons P, Hook L. Wound healing properties of a fibrin-based dermal replacement scaffold. Biomed Phys Eng Express. 2021; 8 (1). doi: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac4176.
62. Sharma V, Kohli N, Moulding D, Afolabi H, Hook L, Mason C et al. Design of a Novel Two-Component Hybrid Dermal Scaffold for the Treatment of Pressure Sores. Macromol Biosci. 2017; 17 (11). doi: 10.1002/mabi.201700185.
63. Manufacturingchemist.com [Internet] Wound care product supports healing without skin graft [Published: 20-Mar-2017]. Available from: https://manufacturing-chemist.com/wound-care-product-supports-healing-without-skin-graft-127163#:~:text=Smart%20Matrix%20is%20a%20scaffold,technology%20developed%20by%20RAFT%20scientists.
64. Zhou G, Zhu J, Inverarity C, Fang Y, Zhang Z, Ye H et al. Fabrication of Fibrin/Polyvinyl Alcohol Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering via Emulsion Templating. Polymers (Basel). 2023; 15 (5): 1151. doi: 10.3390/polym15051151.
65. Mohamed Haflah NH, Ng MH, Mohd Yunus MH, Naicker AS, Htwe O, Abdul Razak KA et al. Massive Traumatic Skin Defect Successfully Treated with Autologous, Bilayered, Tissue-Engineered MyDerm Skin Substitute: A Case Report. JBJS Case Connect. 2018; 8 (2): e38. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.CC.17.00250.
66. Martin‑Piedra MA, Carmona G, Campos F, Carriel V, Fernández‑González A, Campos A et al. Histological assessment of nanostructured fibrin-agarose skin substitutes grafted in burnt patients. A time-course study. Bioeng Transl Med. 2023; 8 (6): e10572. doi: 10.1002/btm2.10572.
67. Cheshire PA, Herson MR, Cleland H, Akbarzadeh S. Artificial dermal templates: A comparative study of NovoSorb™ Biodegradable Temporising Matrix (BTM) and Integra(®) Dermal Regeneration Template (DRT). Burns. 2016; 42 (5): 1088–1096. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.01.028.
68. Wagstaff MJ, Driver S, Coghlan P, Greenwood JE. A randomized, controlled trial of negative pressure wound therapy of pressure ulcers via a novel polyurethane foam. Wound Repair Regen. 2014; 22 (2): 205–211. doi: 10.1111/wrr.12146.
69. Li H, Lim P, Stanley E, Lee G, Lin S, Neoh D et al. Experience with NovoSorb® Biodegradable Temporising Matrix in reconstruction of complex wounds. ANZ J Surg. 2021; 91 (9): 1744–1750. doi: 10.1111/ans.16936.
70. Lo CH, Wagstaff MJD, Barker TM, Damkat‑Thomas L, Salerno S, Holden D et al. Long-term scarring outcomes and safety of patients treated with NovoSorb® Biodegradable Temporizing Matrix (BTM): An observational cohort study. JPRAS Open. 2023; 37: 42–51. doi: 10.1016/j.jpra.2023.05.003.
71. Guerriero FP, Clark RA, Miller M, Delaney CL. Overcoming Barriers to Wound Healing in a Neuropathic and Neuro-Ischaemic Diabetic Foot Cohort Using a Novel Bilayer Biodegradable Synthetic Matrix. Biomedicines. 2023; 11 (3): 721. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11030721.
72. Lim P, Li H, Ng S. Novosorb® Biodegradable Temporising Matrix (BTM) and its Applications. Surg Technol Int. 2023; 42: 47–52. PMID: 37053370.
73. Conway L, Snashall E, Gill P, Harper‑Machin A. The Use of Novosorb Biodegradable Temporizing Matrix for Reconstruction in Head and Neck Cancer: A Simple Answer to a Complex Problem. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2025; 13 (4): e6702. doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000006702.
74. Greenwood J, Li A, Dearman B, Moore T. Evaluation of NovoSorb novel biodegradable polymer for the generation of a dermal matrix part 1: in-vitro studies. Wound Pract Res. 2010; 18: 14–22.
75. Greenwood J, Li A, Dearman B, Moore T. Evaluation of NovoSorb novel biodegradable polymer for the generation of a dermal matrix part 2: in-vivo studies. Wound Pract Res. 2010; 18: 24–34.
76. Lescan M, Perl RM, Golombek S, Pilz M, Hann L, Yasmin M et al. De Novo Synthesis of Elastin by Exogenous Delivery of Synthetic Modified mRNA into Skin and Elastin-Deficient Cells. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2018; 11: 475–484. doi: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.03.013.
77. Shapiro SD, Endicott SK, Province MA, Pierce JA, Campbell EJ. Marked longevity of human lung parenchymal elastic fibers deduced from prevalence of D-aspartate and nuclear weapons-related radiocarbon. J Clin Invest. 1991; 87 (5): 1828–1834. doi: 10.1172/JCI115204.
78. Procknow SS, Kozel BA. Emerging mechanisms of elastin transcriptional regulation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2022; 323 (3): C666–C677. doi: 10.1152/ajp-cell.00228.2022.
79. Ozsvar J, Yang C, Cain SA, Baldock C, Tarakanova A, Weiss AS. Tropoelastin and Elastin Assembly. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021; 9: 643110. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.643110.
80. Gardeazabal L, Izeta A. Elastin and collagen fibres in cutaneous wound healing. Exp Dermatol. 2024; 33 (3): e15052. doi: 10.1111/exd.15052.
81. Baumann L, Bernstein EF, Weiss AS, Bates D, Humphrey S, Silberberg M et al. Clinical Relevance of Elastin in the Structure and Function of Skin. Aesthet Surg J Open Forum. 2021; 3 (3): ojab019. doi: 10.1093/asjof/ojab019.
82. Rosadas M, Silva IV, Costa JB, Ribeiro VP, Oliveira AL. Decellularized dermal matrices: unleashing the potential in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Frontiers in Materials. 2024; 10: 1285948. doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2023.1285948.
83. Mithieux SM, Weiss AS. Design of an elastin-layered dermal regeneration template. Acta Biomater. 2017; 52: 33–40. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.054.
84. Almeida‑González FR, González‑Vázquez A, Mithieux SM, O’Brien FJ, Weiss AS, Brougham CM. A step closer to elastogenesis on demand; Inducing mature elastic fibre deposition in a natural biomaterial scaffold. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2021; 120: 111788. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111788.
85. Tian DM, Wan HH, Chen JR, Ye YB, He Y, Liu Y et al. In-situ formed elastin-based hydrogels enhance wound healing via promoting innate immune cells recruitment and angiogenesis. Mater Today Bio. 2022; 15: 100300. doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100300.
86. Wang Z, Shi H, Silveira PA, Mithieux SM, Wong WC, Liu L et al. Tropoelastin modulates systemic and local tissue responses to enhance wound healing. Acta Biomater. 2024; 184: 54–67. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.06.009.
87. Dearman BL, Boyce ST, Greenwood JE. Advances in Skin Tissue Bioengineering and the Challenges of Clinical Translation. Front Surg. 2021; 8: 640879. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.640879.
88. Aleemardani M, Trikić MZ, Green NH, Claeyssens F. The Importance of Mimicking Dermal-Epidermal Junction for Skin Tissue Engineering: A Review. Bioengineering (Basel). 2021; 8 (11): 148. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering8110148.
89. Tavakoli M, Al‑Musawi MH, Kalali A, Shekarchizadeh A, Kaviani Y, Mansouri A et al. Platelet rich fibrin and simvastatin-loaded pectin-based 3D printed-electrospun bilayer scaffold for skin tissue regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024; 265 (Pt 1): 130954. doi: 10.1016/j.ij-biomac.2024.130954.
90. Obaíd ML, Carvajal F, Camacho JP, Corrales‑Orovio R, Martorell X, Varas J et al. Case report: Long-term follow-up of a large full-thickness skin defect treated with a photosynthetic scaffold for dermal regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022; 10: 1004155. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1004155.
91. Egorikhina MN, Rubtsova YP, Charykova IN, Bugrova ML, Bronnikova II, Mukhina PA et al. Biopolymer Hydrogel Scaffold as an Artificial Cell Niche for Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Polymers (Basel). 2020; 12 (11): 2550. doi: 10.3390/polym12112550.
92. Kondratenko AA, Chernov VE, Tovpeko DV, Volov DA, Beliy NV, Zemlyanoy DA, Kalyuzhnaya LI. Bacteriostatic effects of cell-free matrix lyophilisates and hydrogel from human umbilical cord. Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy. 2024; 26 (3): 361–372. doi: 10.17816/brmma629139.
93. Blackstone BN, Baumann ME, Gallentine SC, Supp DM, Bailey JK, Powell HM. Laser micropatterned dermal templates support early rete ridge formation and basement membrane deposition when used with cultured epithelial autografts. Burns. 2025; 51 (8): 107613. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2025.107613.
Review
For citations:
Sytina E.V., Alekseev A.A., Panteleyev A.A. Modern materials for dermal skin substitute: principles of production and modern acellular products based on them. Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs. 2026;28(2):173-187. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2026-2-173-187
JATS XML


































