Post-liver transplant HBV infection (Review)
https://doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2022-2-31-38
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is common throughout the world. According to the World Health Organization, about 300 million people around the world are living with the HBV infection markers, with prevalence ranging from 0.4% to 8.5%, depending on the region. Untreated HBV infection results in severe liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), in at least one third of patients. While vaccination and new antiviral drugs are effective in preventing the severe consequences of HBV infection, liver transplantation remains the ultimate therapy for patients with HBV in cirrhosis. In patients with HBV replication, recurrence in the graft occurs in 100% of cases, which requires antiviral therapy combined with immunosuppressive therapy. According to the literature, de novo HBV infection after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx) in patients without replication and even in patients negative for hepatitis B surface antigen is between 1.7% and 5% [Castells L. et al., 2002]. After OLTx, liver recipients with baseline chronic HBV infection and patients with de novo HBV infection occurring after transplantation are indicated for long-term antiviral therapy.
About the Authors
A. D. Nikogosova
Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Anna Nikogosova
1, Shchukinskaya str., Moscow, 123182
Phone: (958) 828-32-09
D. V. Umrik
Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Moscow
O. M. Tsirulnikova
Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs; Sechenov University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Moscow
References
1. Schaefer S. Hepatitis B virus taxonomy and hepatitis B virus genotypes. World J Gastroenterol. 2007; 13 (1): 14–21.
2. Jiang Y et al. The Mechanisms of HBV-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Hepatocell carcinoma. 2021; 8: 435–450.
3. Beasley RP. Rocks along the road to the control of HBV and HCC. Ann Epidemiol. 2009; 19 (4): 231–234.
4. Lin CL, Kao JH. Natural history of acute and chronic hepatitis B: The role of HBV genotypes and mutants. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2017; 31 (3): 249–255.
5. Chen Y, Tian Z. HBV-Induced Immune Imbalance in the Development of HCC. Front Immunol. 2019 Aug; 10: 2048.
6. Chen HY et al. Prevalence and burden of hepatitis D virus infection in the global population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2019; 68 (3): 512–521.
7. Terrault NA et al. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2016; 63 (1): 261–283.
8. Vodkin I, Kuo A. Extended Criteria Donors in Liver Transplantation. Clin Liver Dis. 2017; 21 (2): 289–301.
9. Castells L et al. Clinical impact and efficacy of lamivudine therapy in de novo hepatitis B infection after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2002; 8 (10): 892–900.
10. Devarbhavi HC et al. Preliminary results: outcome of liver transplantation for hepatitis B virus varies by hepatitis B virus genotype. Liver Transpl. 2002; 8 (6): 550–555.
11. Marzano A et al. Viral load at the time of liver transplantation and risk of hepatitis B virus recurrence. Liver Transpl. 2005; 11 (4): 402–409.
12. Roche B, Samuel D. Withdrawal of posttransplant hepatitis B virus prophylaxis: A blind test. Liver Transpl. 2016; 22 (9): 1183–1185.
13. Faria LC et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with an increased risk of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology. 2008; 134(7): 1890–1899.
14. Rehermann B et al. The hepatitis B virus persists for decades after patients’ recovery from acute viral hepatitis despite active maintenance of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response. Nat Med. 1996; 2 (10): 1104–1108.
15. Werle-Lapostolle B et al. Persistence of cccDNA during the natural history of chronic hepatitis B and decline during adefovir dipivoxil therapy. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126 (7): 1750–1758.
16. Sung JJY et al. Intrahepatic hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA can be a predictor of sustained response to therapy. Gastroenterology. 2005; 128 (7): 1890–1897.
17. Guidotti LG, Chisari FV. Immunobiology and pathogenesis of viral hepatitis. Annu. Rev. Pathol. 2006; 1: 23–61.
18. Löwenberg M et al. Glucocorticoid signaling: a nongenomic mechanism for T-cell immunosuppression. Trends Mol Med. 2007; 13 (4): 158–163.
19. Azzi JR, Sayegh MH, Mallat SG. Calcineurin inhibitors: 40 years later, can’t live without. J Immunol. 2013; 191(12): 5785–5791.
20. Shu-Sen Zheng et al. Prophylaxis and treatment of hepatitis B virus reinfection following liver transplantation. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2002; 1 (3): 327–329.
21. Adam R et al. 2018 Annual Report of the European Liver Transplant Registry (ELTR) – 50-year evolution of liver transplantation. Transpl Int. 2018; 31 (12): 1293–1317.
22. Li MS et al. The strategy and efficacy of prophylaxis against hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation for HBV-related diseases in the era of potent nucleos(t)ide analogues: A meta-analysis. J Dig Dis. 2021; 22 (2): 91–101.
23. Saidy RRO et al. Clinical and Histological Long-Term Follow-Up of De Novo HBV-Infection after Liver Transplantation. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021; 57 (8): 767.
24. Adil B et al. Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus Recurrence in Patients Undergoing Liver Transplantation for Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis B Virus Plus Hepatitis D Virus. Transplant Proc. 2016; 48 (6): 2119–2123.
25. Calabrese LH, Zein NN, Vassilopoulos D. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation with immunosuppressive therapy in rheumatic diseases: assessment and preventive strategies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006; 65 (8): 983–989.
26. Perrillo RP, Martin P, Lok AS. Preventing hepatitis B reactivation due to immunosuppressive drug treatments. JAMA. 2015; 313 (16): 1617–1618.
27. Lok ASF, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology. 2009; 50 (3): 661–662.
28. O’Grady JG et al. Hepatitis B virus reinfection after orthotopic liver transplantation. Serological and clinical implications. J Hepatol. 1992; 14 (1): 104–111.
29. Davies SE et al. Hepatic histological findings after transplantation for chronic hepatitis B virus infection, including a unique pattern of fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis. Hepatology. 1991; 13 (1): 150–157.
30. Harrison RF et al. Recurrent hepatitis B in liver allografts: a distinctive form of rapidly developing cirrhosis. Histopathology. 1993; 23 (1): 21–28.
31. Belle SH, Beringer KC, Detre KM. Trends in liver transplantation in the United States. Clin Transpl. 1993; 19: 35.
32. Crippin J et al. Retransplantation in hepatitis B – a multicenter experience. Transplantation. 1994; 57 (6): 823–826.
33. Van Thiel DH et al. Medical aspects of liver transplantation. Hepatology. 1984; 4 (1 Suppl): 79S–83S.
34. Lauchart W, Müller R, Pichlmayr R. Long-term immunoprophylaxis of hepatitis B virus reinfection in recipients of human liver allografts. Transplant Proc. 1987; 19(5): 4051–4053.
35. Gara N, Ghany MG. What the infectious disease physician needs to know about pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Clin Infect Dis. 2013; 56 (11): 1629–1636.
36. Terrault NA et al. Interferon alfa for recurrent hepatitis B infection after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg. 1996; 2 (2): 132–138.
37. Crespo G et al. Viral hepatitis in liver transplantation. Gastroenterology. 2012; 142 (6): 1373–1383.e1.
38. Karasu Z et al. Low-dose hepatitis B immune globulin and higher-dose lamivudine combination to prevent hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation. Antivir Ther. 2004; 9 (6): 921–927.
39. Takaki A, Yagi T, Yamamoto K. Safe and cost-effective control of post-transplantation recurrence of hepatitis B. Hepatol Res. 2015; 45 (1): 38–47.
40. Wang P et al. Is hepatitis B immunoglobulin necessary in prophylaxis of hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation? A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014; 9 (8): e104480.
41. Fung J et al. Oral nucleoside/nucleotide analogs without hepatitis B immune globulin after liver transplantation for hepatitis B. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013; 108 (6): 942–948.
42. Gautier SV et al. One hundred deceased donor liver transplantations at a single center. Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs. 2012; 14 (1): 6–14.
43. Malomuzh OI, Chekletsova EV, Khizroyev XM, Pets VA, Fokin SV, Taranov VA et al. HBV-infection de novo after orthotopic liver transplantation: clinical and virological characteristics, assessment of antivirus therapy effectiveness. Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs. 2012; 14 (3): 24–30.
44. Tsirul’nikova OM, Umrik DV, Monakhov AR, Zubenko SI. Profilaktika retsidiva gepatita В posle transplantatsii pecheni: a tak li neobkhodim immunoglobulin? Vestnik transplantologii i iskusstvennykh organov. 2021; 23 (S): 60–61.
45. Huang KW et al. Efficacy and Safety of Lamivudine Versus Entecavir for Treating Chronic Hepatitis B Virusrelated Acute Exacerbation and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2017; 51 (6): 539–547.
46. Govan L et al. Comparative effectiveness of antiviral treatment for hepatitis B: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015; 27 (8): 882–894.
47. Chun Yang et al. Meta-analysis of prophylactic entecavir or lamivudine against hepatitis B virus reactivation. Ann Hepatol. 2016; 15 (4): 501–511.
48. Fung J. HBV therapeutic vaccines and cccDNA inhibitors – emergence of a cure. Liver Transpl. 2016; 22 (S1): 52–56.
49. Bienzle U et al. Immunization with an adjuvant hepatitis B vaccine after liver transplantation for hepatitis B-related disease. Hepatology. 2003; 38 (4): 811–819.
50. Wang SH et al. Active immunization for prevention of de novo hepatitis B virus infection after adult living donor liver transplantation with a hepatitis B core antigenpositive graft. Liver Transpl. 2017; 23 (10): 1266–1272.
51. Chan HLY et al. Tenofovir alafenamide versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the treatment of HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016; 1 (3): 185–195.
52. Sripongpun P et al. Potential Benefits of Switching Liver Transplant Recipients to Tenofovir Alafenamide Prophylaxis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 18 (3): 747–749.
Review
For citations:
Nikogosova A.D., Umrik D.V., Tsirulnikova O.M. Post-liver transplant HBV infection (Review). Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs. 2022;24(2):31-38. https://doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2022-2-31-38
Views:
1235
Email this article 