Биодеградируемый сосудистый протез малого диаметра: виды модифицирования биологически активными молекулами и RGD-пептидами

На сегодняшний день остается высокой потребность в протезах малого диаметра для замещения поврежденного участка кровеносного бассейна, в частности, таковые активно применяются при аортокоронарном шунтировании. В качестве альтернативы аутотрансплантатам выступают синтетические графты на основе полимеров. Перспективным направлением тканевой инженерии является создание биоразлагаемого графта, который может послужить основой для формирования сосудистых тканей de novo непосредственно в организме пациента. Оптимизация полимерного состава изделий уже привела к улучшению как физико-механических, так и биосовместимых свойств изделий, но все же они далеки от требуемых. Одним из решающих факторов надежности сосудистого трансплантата малого диаметра является скорейшее образование эндотелиальной выстилки на его внутренней поверхности, что может обеспечить атромбогенный эффект и полноценный просвет будущего новообразованного сосуда. Для достижения данной цели проводят модифицирование графтов посредством включения в полимерный состав или иммобилизацию на его внутреннюю поверхность биоактивных молекул либо функционально активных пептидных последовательностей. К последним относится сайт клеточной адгезии – аргинин – глицин – аспарагиновая кислота (или RGD-пептид), которая присутствует в большинстве белков экстрацеллюлярного матрикса и имеет тропность к интегриновым рецепторам эндотелиальных клеток. Имитация функциональной активности естественного экстрацеллюлярного матрикса может способствовать спонтанной эндотелизации внутренней поверхности сосудистого протеза, что демонстрируют результаты многих исследований. При этом конфигурация RGD-пептида определяет выживаемость и дифференцировку эндотелиальных клеток, а линкер, через который пептид сшит с полимерной поверхностью, определяет биодоступность RGD-пептида для эндотелиальных клеток.

тканевая инженерия, полимерный графт, RGD-пептиды, эндотелизация, биосовместимость

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