<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vtio</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник трансплантологии и искусственных органов</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1995-1191</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Academician V.I.Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs", Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15825/1995-1191-2010-3-112-120</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vtio-335</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзор литературы</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Literature Reviews</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>I. РОЛЬ СИСТЕМ ВРОЖДЕННОГО И АДАПТИВНОГО ИММУНИТЕТА В РАЗВИТИИ ДЕСТРУКТИВНОГО ИММУННОГО ОТВЕТА ОРГАНИЗМА НА АЛЛОТРАНСПЛАНТАТ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>I. ROLE OF THE INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY FOR A DEVELOPMENT OF DESTRUCTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF ORGANISM ON ALLOGRAFT</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Артамонов</surname><given-names>С. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Artamonov</surname><given-names>S. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Онищенко</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Onishchenko</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Башкина</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bashkina</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сускова</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Suskova</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крашенинников</surname><given-names>М. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasheninnikov</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никольская</surname><given-names>А. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikol’skaya</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Великий</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Velikiy</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГУ «Федеральный научный центр трансплантологии и искусственных органов им. академика В.И. Шумакова» Минздравсоцразвития РФ, Москва</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Academician V.I. Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>06</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title>ВЕСТНИК ТРАНСПЛАНТОЛОГИИ И ИСКУССТВЕННЫХ ОРГАНОВ том XII No 3–2010</issue-title><fpage>112</fpage><lpage>120</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Артамонов С.Д., Онищенко Н.А., Башкина Л.В., Сускова В.С., Крашенинников М.Е., Никольская А.О., Великий Д.А., 2010</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2010</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Артамонов С.Д., Онищенко Н.А., Башкина Л.В., Сускова В.С., Крашенинников М.Е., Никольская А.О., Великий Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Artamonov S.D., Onishchenko N.A., Bashkina L.V., Suskova V.S., Krasheninnikov M.E., Nikol’skaya A.O., Velikiy D.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.transpl.ru/vtio/article/view/335">https://journal.transpl.ru/vtio/article/view/335</self-uri><abstract><p>Трансплантация органов сопровождается активацией адаптивного (клеточного и гуморального) и врожденного иммунитета в организме реципиента. Популяция Т-лимфоцитов, в состав которой вхо- дит несколько субпопуляций клеток, таких как Тцит, Th1, Th2 и Т-регуляторные клетки, прежде всего ответственные за развитие этих форм иммунного ответа. Актуальной проблемой современной транс- плантологии является разработка методов, которые бы способствовали накоплению в организме реци- пиента Т-регуляторных клеток с супрессивными свойствами для формирования донор-специфической иммунной толерантности. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>It is known, transplantation of organs is accompanied by activation of adaptive immunity (cellular and humoral) and innate immunity in an organism of the recipient. Population of T-lymphocyte which includes some subpopu- lations of cells , such as Тcyt, Th1, Th2 and T-regulatory cells, first of all responsible for development of these forms of the immune answer. The actual problem of modern transplantology is working out of methods which would promote accumulation in an organism of recipient T-regulatory of cells with suppressive properties for formation the donor-specific immune tolerance into recipient`s organism. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>врожденный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>адаптивный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>трансплантация органов</kwd><kwd>Т-регуляторные клетки</kwd><kwd>трансплантационная толерантность.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>innate immunity</kwd><kwd>adaptive immunity</kwd><kwd>organ transplantation</kwd><kwd>T-regulatory cells</kwd><kwd>transplantation tolerance.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бабаева А.Г. Роль лимфоцитов в оперативном изменении программы развития тканей. М.: Изд. РАМН, 2009. 107 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Бабаева А.Г. Роль лимфоцитов в оперативном изменении программы развития тканей. М.: Изд. РАМН, 2009. 107 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайчик А.Ш., Чурилов Л.П. Патофизиология. Т. 1: Общая патофизиология. СПб.: ЭЛБИ-СПб, 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Зайчик А.Ш., Чурилов Л.П. Патофизиология. Т. 1: Общая патофизиология. СПб.: ЭЛБИ-СПб, 2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рабсон А., Ройт А., Делвз П. Основы медицинской иммунологии. М.: Мир, 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Рабсон А., Ройт А., Делвз П. Основы медицинской иммунологии. М.: Мир, 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ройт А., Бростофф Д., Мейл Д. Иммунология. М.: Мир, 2000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ройт А., Бростофф Д., Мейл Д. Иммунология. М.: Мир, 2000.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шумаков В.И., Хубутия М.Ш., Белецкая Л.В. Отторжение гуморального типа при аллотрансплантации сердца. Тверь: Триада, 2003. 184 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Шумаков В.И., Хубутия М.Ш., Белецкая Л.В. Отторжение гуморального типа при аллотрансплантации сердца. Тверь: Триада, 2003. 184 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ярилин А.А., Донецкова А.Д. Естественные регуляторные Т-клетки и фактор Foxp3 // Иммунология. 2006. No 3. 176–188.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ярилин А.А., Донецкова А.Д. Естественные регуляторные Т-клетки и фактор Foxp3 // Иммунология. 2006. No 3. 176–188.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abramowicz D., Hadaya K., Hazzan M., Broeders N. et al. Conversion to sirolimus for chronic renal allograft dysfunction: risk factors for graft loss and severe side effects // Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2008. Vol. 23 (11). P. 3727–3729.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abramowicz D., Hadaya K., Hazzan M., Broeders N. et al. Conversion to sirolimus for chronic renal allograft dysfunction: risk factors for graft loss and severe side effects // Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2008. Vol. 23 (11). P. 3727–3729.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bestard O., Cruzado J.M., Mestre M., Caldés A. et al. Achieving Donor-Specific Hyporesponsiveness Is Asso- ciated with FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cell Recruitment in Human Renal Allograft Infiltrates // Journal of Immunol- ogy. 2007. Vol. 179. P. 4901–4909.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bestard O., Cruzado J.M., Mestre M., Caldés A. et al. Achieving Donor-Specific Hyporesponsiveness Is Asso- ciated with FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cell Recruitment in Human Renal Allograft Infiltrates // Journal of Immunol- ogy. 2007. Vol. 179. P. 4901–4909.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Billingham R.E., Brent L., Medawar P.B. Actively ac- quired tolerance of foreign cells // Nature. 1953. Vol. 172. P. 603–606.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Billingham R.E., Brent L., Medawar P.B. Actively ac- quired tolerance of foreign cells // Nature. 1953. Vol. 172. P. 603–606.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blois S.M., Kammerer U., Soto C.A., Tometten M.C. et al. Dendritic Cells: Key to Fetal Tolerance? // Biology of reproduction. 2007. Vol. 77. P. 590–598.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blois S.M., Kammerer U., Soto C.A., Tometten M.C. et al. Dendritic Cells: Key to Fetal Tolerance? // Biology of reproduction. 2007. Vol. 77. P. 590–598.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bowie A.G. Translational Mini-Review Series on Toll- like Receptors: Recent advances in understanding the role of Toll-like receptors in anti-viral immunity // Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2007 February. Vol. 147 (2). P. 217–226.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bowie A.G. Translational Mini-Review Series on Toll- like Receptors: Recent advances in understanding the role of Toll-like receptors in anti-viral immunity // Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2007 February. Vol. 147 (2). P. 217–226.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burnet F.M. A modification of Jerne’s theory of antibody production using the concept of clonal selection // Aust. J. Sci. 1957. Vol. 20. P. 67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burnet F.M. A modification of Jerne’s theory of antibody production using the concept of clonal selection // Aust. J. Sci. 1957. Vol. 20. P. 67.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Callaghan C.J., Rouhani F.J., Negus M.C., Curry A.J. et al. Abrogation of Antibody-Mediated Allograft Rejection by Regulatory CD4 T Cells with Indirect Allospeci- ficity // The Journal of Immunology. 2007. Vol. 178. P. 2221–2228.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Callaghan C.J., Rouhani F.J., Negus M.C., Curry A.J. et al. Abrogation of Antibody-Mediated Allograft Rejection by Regulatory CD4 T Cells with Indirect Allospeci- ficity // The Journal of Immunology. 2007. Vol. 178. P. 2221–2228.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen X., Jensen P.E. Cutting Edge: Primary B Lympho- cytes Preferentially Expand Allogeneic FoxP3+ CD4 T Cells // Journal of Immunology. 2007. Vol. 179. P. 2046– 2050.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen X., Jensen P.E. Cutting Edge: Primary B Lympho- cytes Preferentially Expand Allogeneic FoxP3+ CD4 T Cells // Journal of Immunology. 2007. Vol. 179. P. 2046– 2050.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diekmann F., Campistol J.M. Conversion from calcineu- rin inhibitors to sirolimus in chronic allograft nephropa- thy: benefits and risks // Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2006. Vol. 21 (3). P. 562–568.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diekmann F., Campistol J.M. Conversion from calcineu- rin inhibitors to sirolimus in chronic allograft nephropa- thy: benefits and risks // Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2006. Vol. 21 (3). P. 562–568.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao S.Z., Schroeder J.S., Hunt S.A. et al. Influence of graft rejection on incidence of accelerated graft coronary artery disease: a new approach to analysis // J. Heart. Lung. Transplant. 1993. Vol. 12 (6). P. 1029.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao S.Z., Schroeder J.S., Hunt S.A. et al. Influence of graft rejection on incidence of accelerated graft coronary artery disease: a new approach to analysis // J. Heart. Lung. Transplant. 1993. Vol. 12 (6). P. 1029.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Girlanda R., Kirk A.D. Frontiers in Nephrology: Im- mune Tolerance to Allografts in Humans // J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007. Vol. 18. P. 2242–2251.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Girlanda R., Kirk A.D. Frontiers in Nephrology: Im- mune Tolerance to Allografts in Humans // J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007. Vol. 18. P. 2242–2251.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goldstein D.R., Tesar B.M., Akira S., Lakkis F.G. Criti- cal role of the Toll-like receptor signal adaptor protein MyD88 in acute allograft rejection // J. Clin. Invest. 2003. Vol. 111 (10). P. 1571–1578.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goldstein D.R., Tesar B.M., Akira S., Lakkis F.G. Criti- cal role of the Toll-like receptor signal adaptor protein MyD88 in acute allograft rejection // J. Clin. Invest. 2003. Vol. 111 (10). P. 1571–1578.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jaume J.C., Parry S.L. et al. Suppressive Effect of Glu- tamic Acid Decarboxylase 65-SpecificAutoimmune B Lymphocytes on Processing of T-Cell Determinants Lo- cated Within the Antibody Epitope1 // Journal of Immu- nology. 2002. Vol. 169. P. 665–672.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jaume J.C., Parry S.L. et al. Suppressive Effect of Glu- tamic Acid Decarboxylase 65-SpecificAutoimmune B Lymphocytes on Processing of T-Cell Determinants Lo- cated Within the Antibody Epitope1 // Journal of Immu- nology. 2002. Vol. 169. P. 665–672.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang H., Chess L. Regulation of Immune Responses by T-Cells // NEJM. 2006. Vol. 11 (354). P. 1166–1176.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang H., Chess L. Regulation of Immune Responses by T-Cells // NEJM. 2006. Vol. 11 (354). P. 1166–1176.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang S., Lechler R.I. Regulatory T Cells in the Control of Transplantation Tolerance and Autoimmunity // American Journal of Transplantation. 2003. Vol. 3 (15). P. 516–524.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang S., Lechler R.I. Regulatory T Cells in the Control of Transplantation Tolerance and Autoimmunity // American Journal of Transplantation. 2003. Vol. 3 (15). P. 516–524.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kawai T., Akira S. Toll-like Receptor and RIG-1-like Re- ceptor Signaling. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2008, V. 1143, Issue The Year in Immunology, P. 1–20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kawai T., Akira S. Toll-like Receptor and RIG-1-like Re- ceptor Signaling. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2008, V. 1143, Issue The Year in Immunology, P. 1–20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klein J., Sato A. The HLA system // NEJM. 2004. Vol. 343 (10). P. 702–709.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klein J., Sato A. The HLA system // NEJM. 2004. Vol. 343 (10). P. 702–709.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knechtle S.J. Development of tolerogenic strategies in the clinic // Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 2005. Vol. 360 (1461). P. 1739–1746.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knechtle S.J. Development of tolerogenic strategies in the clinic // Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 2005. Vol. 360 (1461). P. 1739–1746.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">LaRosa D.F., Rahman A.H., Turka L.A. The Innate Im- mune System in Allograft Rejection and Tolerance // The Journal of Immunology. 2007. Vol. 178. P. 7503–7509.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">LaRosa D.F., Rahman A.H., Turka L.A. The Innate Im- mune System in Allograft Rejection and Tolerance // The Journal of Immunology. 2007. Vol. 178. P. 7503–7509.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lemaitre B., Nicolas E., Michaut L., Reichhart J.M., Hoffmann J.A. The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spдtzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal re- sponse in Drosophila adults // Cell. 1996. Vol. 86. P. 973.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lemaitre B., Nicolas E., Michaut L., Reichhart J.M., Hoffmann J.A. The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spдtzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal re- sponse in Drosophila adults // Cell. 1996. Vol. 86. P. 973.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lipscomb M.F., Masten B.J. Dendritic Cells: Immune Regulators in Health and Disease Physiol. Rev. 2002. Vol. 82. P. 97–130.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lipscomb M.F., Masten B.J. Dendritic Cells: Immune Regulators in Health and Disease Physiol. Rev. 2002. Vol. 82. P. 97–130.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lopez M., Clarkson M.R., Albin M., Sayegh M.H., Na- jafian N. A Novel Mechanism of Action for Anti-Thy- mocyte Globulin: Induction of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory T-Cells // J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006. Vol. 17. P. 2844–2853.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lopez M., Clarkson M.R., Albin M., Sayegh M.H., Na- jafian N. A Novel Mechanism of Action for Anti-Thy- mocyte Globulin: Induction of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory T-Cells // J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006. Vol. 17. P. 2844–2853.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Medzhitov R., Preston-Hurlburt P., Janeway C.A. A hu- man homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity // Nature. 1997. P. 388–394</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Medzhitov R., Preston-Hurlburt P., Janeway C.A. A hu- man homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity // Nature. 1997. P. 388–394</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miller D.M., Thornley T.B., Greiner D.L., Rossini A.A. Viral Infection: A Potent Barrier to Transplantation To- lerance // Clin. Dev. Immunol. 2008. P. 742–810.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miller D.M., Thornley T.B., Greiner D.L., Rossini A.A. Viral Infection: A Potent Barrier to Transplantation To- lerance // Clin. Dev. Immunol. 2008. P. 742–810.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mullally A., Ritz J. Beyond HLA: the significance of ge- nomic variation for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation // Blood. 15 February 2007. Vol. 109. No 4. P. 1355–1362.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mullally A., Ritz J. Beyond HLA: the significance of ge- nomic variation for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation // Blood. 15 February 2007. Vol. 109. No 4. P. 1355–1362.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Najafian N., Albin M.J., Newell K.A. How Can We Mea- sure Immunologic Tolerance in Humans // J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006. Vol. 17. P. 2652–2663.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Najafian N., Albin M.J., Newell K.A. How Can We Mea- sure Immunologic Tolerance in Humans // J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006. Vol. 17. P. 2652–2663.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pietropaolo M., Surhigh J.M., Nelson P.W., Eisenbarth G.S. Primer: Immunity and Autoimmunity Diabetes. No- vember 2008. Vol. 57. No 11. P. 2872–2882.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pietropaolo M., Surhigh J.M., Nelson P.W., Eisenbarth G.S. Primer: Immunity and Autoimmunity Diabetes. No- vember 2008. Vol. 57. No 11. P. 2872–2882.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reichardt P., Dornbach B., Rong S., Beissert S. et al. Na- ive B cells generate regulatory T cells in the presence of a mature immunologic synapse // Blood. 2007. Vol. 110 (5). P. 1519–1529.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reichardt P., Dornbach B., Rong S., Beissert S. et al. Na- ive B cells generate regulatory T cells in the presence of a mature immunologic synapse // Blood. 2007. Vol. 110 (5). P. 1519–1529.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rothstein D.M. Immunosuppression and Regulation: Cast in New Light // J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006. Vol. 17. P. 2644–2646.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rothstein D.M. Immunosuppression and Regulation: Cast in New Light // J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006. Vol. 17. P. 2644–2646.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salama A.D., Najafian N., Clarkson M.R., Harmon W.E., Sayegh M.H. Regulatory CD25+ T Cells in Human Kid- ney Transplant Recipients // J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2003. Vol. 14. P. 1643–1651.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salama A.D., Najafian N., Clarkson M.R., Harmon W.E., Sayegh M.H. Regulatory CD25+ T Cells in Human Kid- ney Transplant Recipients // J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2003. Vol. 14. P. 1643–1651.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salama A.D., Womer K.L., Sayegh M.H. Clinical Trans- plantation Tolerance: Many Rivers to Cross // Journal of Immunology. 2007. Vol. 178. P. 5419–5423.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salama A.D., Womer K.L., Sayegh M.H. Clinical Trans- plantation Tolerance: Many Rivers to Cross // Journal of Immunology. 2007. Vol. 178. P. 5419–5423.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sayegh M.H., Carpenter C.B. Transplantation 50 Years Later – Progress, Challenges, and Promises // NEJM. 2004. Vol. 26 (351). P. 2761–2766.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sayegh M.H., Carpenter C.B. Transplantation 50 Years Later – Progress, Challenges, and Promises // NEJM. 2004. Vol. 26 (351). P. 2761–2766.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Selin L.K., Brehm M.A. Frontiers in Nephrology: Hetero- logous Immunity, T Cell Cross-Reactivity, and Allore- activity // J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007. Vol. 18. P. 2268– 2277.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Selin L.K., Brehm M.A. Frontiers in Nephrology: Hetero- logous Immunity, T Cell Cross-Reactivity, and Allore- activity // J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007. Vol. 18. P. 2268– 2277.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seyfert-Margolis V., Turka L.A. Marking a path to trans- plant tolerance // J. Clin. Invest. 2008 August 1. Vol. 118 (8). P. 2684–2686.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seyfert-Margolis V., Turka L.A. Marking a path to trans- plant tolerance // J. Clin. Invest. 2008 August 1. Vol. 118 (8). P. 2684–2686.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Starzl T.E., Zinkernagel R.M. Antigen Localization and Migration in Immunity and Tolerance // NEJM. 1998. Vol. 26 (339). P. 1905–1913.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starzl T.E., Zinkernagel R.M. Antigen Localization and Migration in Immunity and Tolerance // NEJM. 1998. Vol. 26 (339). P. 1905–1913.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Starzl T.E. Chimerism and tolerance in transplantation // PNAS. 2004. Vol. 101 (2). P. 14607–14614.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starzl T.E. Chimerism and tolerance in transplantation // PNAS. 2004. Vol. 101 (2). P. 14607–14614.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steptoe R.J., Ritchie J.M., Wilson N.S., Villadangos J.A. et al. Cognate CD4+ Help Elicited by Resting Dendritic Cells Does Not Impair the Induction of Peripheral Toler- ance in CD8+ T-Cells // Journal of Immunology. 2007. Vol. 178. P. 2094–2103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steptoe R.J., Ritchie J.M., Wilson N.S., Villadangos J.A. et al. Cognate CD4+ Help Elicited by Resting Dendritic Cells Does Not Impair the Induction of Peripheral Toler- ance in CD8+ T-Cells // Journal of Immunology. 2007. Vol. 178. P. 2094–2103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suchin E.J., Langmuir P.B., Palmer E. et al. Quantify- ing the frequency of alloreactive T cells in vivo: New answers to an old question // J. Immunol. 2001. Vol. 166. P. 973–981.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suchin E.J., Langmuir P.B., Palmer E. et al. Quantify- ing the frequency of alloreactive T cells in vivo: New answers to an old question // J. Immunol. 2001. Vol. 166. P. 973–981.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takeda K., Akira S. Toll-like receptors in innate immunity // International Immunology. 2005. Vol. 17 (1). P. 1–14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takeda K., Akira S. Toll-like receptors in innate immunity // International Immunology. 2005. Vol. 17 (1). P. 1–14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomson A.W., Robbins P.D. Tolerogenic dendritic cells for autoimmune disease and transplantation // Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2008. Vol. 67. P. 90–96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomson A.W., Robbins P.D. Tolerogenic dendritic cells for autoimmune disease and transplantation // Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2008. Vol. 67. P. 90–96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Toyokawa H., Nakao A., Bailey R.J., Nalesnik M.A., Kaizu T. et al. Liver Relative contribution of direct and indirect allorecognition in developing tolerance after liver transplantation // Transpl. 2008 Mar. Vol. 14 (3). P. 346–357.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toyokawa H., Nakao A., Bailey R.J., Nalesnik M.A., Kaizu T. et al. Liver Relative contribution of direct and indirect allorecognition in developing tolerance after liver transplantation // Transpl. 2008 Mar. Vol. 14 (3). P. 346–357.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yin L., Poirier G., Neth O. et al. Few peptides dominate cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses to single and multiple minor histocompatibility antigens // Int. Immunol. 1993. Vol. 5. P. 1003–1009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yin L., Poirier G., Neth O. et al. Few peptides dominate cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses to single and multiple minor histocompatibility antigens // Int. Immunol. 1993. Vol. 5. P. 1003–1009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zoller K.M. Cessation of immunosuppressive therapy af- ter successful transplantation: A national survey // Kid- ney. 1980. Vol. 18. P. 110–114.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zoller K.M. Cessation of immunosuppressive therapy af- ter successful transplantation: A national survey // Kid- ney. 1980. Vol. 18. P. 110–114.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
