vtioВестник трансплантологии и искусственных органовRussian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs1995-1191Academician V.I.Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs", Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation10.15825/1995-1191-2010-2-92-99vtio-312Research ArticleОбзор литературыLiterature ReviewsПРОФИЛАКТИКА И ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ОСТРОГО ПОВРЕЖДЕНИЯ ПОЧЕК ПРИ КАРДИОХИРУРГИЧЕСКИХ ОПЕРАЦИЯХ С ИСКУССТВЕННЫМ КРОВООБРАЩЕНИЕМ И ТРАНСПЛАНТАЦИИ СЕРДЦАPREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY AFTER CARDIAC SURGERY WITH CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS AND HEART TRANSPLANTATIONКопыловаЮ. В.KopylovaY. V.julika.dr@gmail.comПозЯ. Л.PozY. L.СтроковА. Г.StrokovA. G.ПопцовВ. Н.PoptsovV. N.ВоронинаО. В.VoroninaO. V.УхренковС. Г.UhrenkovS. G.ФГУ «Федеральный научный центр трансплантологии и искусственных органов им. академика В.И. Шумакова» Минздравсоцразвития РФ, МоскваРоссияAcademician V.I. Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, MoscowRussian Federation201005062014122ВЕСТНИК ТРАНСПЛАНТОЛОГИИ И ИСКУССТВЕННЫХ ОРГАНОВ том XII No 2–20109299Copyright © Копылова Ю.В., Поз Я.Л., Строков А.Г., Попцов В.Н., Воронина О.В., Ухренков С.Г., 20102010Копылова Ю.В., Поз Я.Л., Строков А.Г., Попцов В.Н., Воронина О.В., Ухренков С.Г.Kopylova Y.V., Poz Y.L., Strokov A.G., Poptsov V.N., Voronina O.V., Uhrenkov S.G.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.transpl.ru/vtio/article/view/312

Острое повреждение почек является одним из наиболее частых и серьезных осложнений у пациентов при операциях с искусственным кровообращением и трансплантации сердца, в значительной степени опреде- ляющим прогноз. Приоритетным направлением является разработка профилактических мер и оптималь- ных методов лечения, в первую очередь заместительной почечной терапии (ЗПТ). До настоящего времени не известно ни одного препарата, обладающего доказанными нефропротективными свойствами. По не- которым данным, применение профилактического диализа позволяет снизить потребность в послеопера- ционной ЗПТ. Постоянные и интермиттирующие методики ЗПТ являются взаимодополняющими. Совре- менными тенденциями являются раннее и даже профилактическое использование ЗПТ и повышение ее эффективности. Однако нет ясности, насколько должны быть расширены показания и до какой степени увеличена доза ЗПТ для достижения оптимальных результатов. 

Acute renal failure is one of the most frequent and life-threatening complications after cardiac surgery, which determines the outcome. The priority is the development of preventive measures and best treatments, in the first place – renal replacement therapy (RRT). To date, any medicines with proven nephroprotective properties is unknown. According to some reports, the use of prophylactic dialysis reduces the need for postoperative RRT. Continuous and intermittent methods of RRT are complementary. Early or even prophylactic use of RRT with increasing effectiveness are the current trends. However, it is unclear where is the limit of extended indications for RRT and what it`s optimal dose. 

острое повреждение почеккардиохирургияпредупреждениезаместительная почечная терапияacute kidney injurycardiac surgerypreventionrenal replacement therapyReferencesTang A.T., El-Gamel A., Keevil B. et al. The effect of ‘renal-dose’ dopamine on renal tubular function follow- ing cardiac surgery: assessed by measuring retinol bind- ing protein (RBP) // Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 1999. Vol. 15. P. 717–721.Tang A.T., El-Gamel A., Keevil B. et al. The effect of ‘renal-dose’ dopamine on renal tubular function follow- ing cardiac surgery: assessed by measuring retinol bind- ing protein (RBP) // Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 1999. Vol. 15. P. 717–721.Woo E.B., Tang A.T., El-Gamel A. et al. Dopamine thera- py for patients at risk of renal dysfunction following cardiac surgery: science or fiction? // Eur. J. Cardiothorac.Woo E.B., Tang A.T., El-Gamel A. et al. Dopamine thera- py for patients at risk of renal dysfunction following cardiac surgery: science or fiction? // Eur. J. Cardiothorac.Surg. 2002. Vol. 22. P. 106–111.Surg. 2002. Vol. 22. P. 106–111.Dunning J., Khasati N., Barnard J. Low dose (renalDunning J., Khasati N., Barnard J. Low dose (renaldose) dopamine in the critically ill patient // Interact.dose) dopamine in the critically ill patient // Interact.Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg. 2004. Vol. 3. P. 114–117.Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg. 2004. Vol. 3. P. 114–117.Friedrich J.O., Adhikari N., Herridge M.S., Beyene J. Meta-analysis: low-dose dopamine increases urine out- put but does not prevent renal dysfunction or death //Friedrich J.O., Adhikari N., Herridge M.S., Beyene J. Meta-analysis: low-dose dopamine increases urine out- put but does not prevent renal dysfunction or death //Ann. Intern. Med. 2005. Vol. 142. Р. 510–520.Ann. Intern. Med. 2005. Vol. 142. Р. 510–520.Stone G.W., McCullough P.A., Tumlin J.A. et al. Fenoldo- pam mesylate for the prevention of contrast-induced ne- phropathy: a randomized controlled trial // JAMA. 2003.Stone G.W., McCullough P.A., Tumlin J.A. et al. Fenoldo- pam mesylate for the prevention of contrast-induced ne- phropathy: a randomized controlled trial // JAMA. 2003.Vol. 290. P. 2284–2291.Vol. 290. P. 2284–2291.Caimmi P.P., Pagani L., Micalizzi E. et al. FenoldopamCaimmi P.P., Pagani L., Micalizzi E. et al. Fenoldopamfor renal protection in patients undergoing cardiopul- monary bypass // J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 2003. Vol. 17. P. 491–494.for renal protection in patients undergoing cardiopul- monary bypass // J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 2003. Vol. 17. P. 491–494.Garwood S., Swamidoss C., Davis E.A. et al. A case se- ries of low-dose fenoldopam in seventy cardiac surgical patients at increased risk of renal dysfunction // J. Car- diothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 2003. Vol. 17. P. 17–2l.Garwood S., Swamidoss C., Davis E.A. et al. A case se- ries of low-dose fenoldopam in seventy cardiac surgical patients at increased risk of renal dysfunction // J. Car- diothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 2003. Vol. 17. P. 17–2l.Ranucci M., Soro G., Barzaghi N. et al. Fenoldopam prophylaxis of postoperative acute renal failure in high- risk cardiac surgery patients // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2004. Vol. 78. P. 1332–1337.Ranucci M., Soro G., Barzaghi N. et al. Fenoldopam prophylaxis of postoperative acute renal failure in high- risk cardiac surgery patients // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2004. Vol. 78. P. 1332–1337.Bove T., Landoni G., Calabro M.G. et al. Renoprotective action of fenoldopam in high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a prospective, double-blind, random- ized clinical trial // Circulation. 2005. Vol. 111. P. 3230– 3236.Bove T., Landoni G., Calabro M.G. et al. Renoprotective action of fenoldopam in high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a prospective, double-blind, random- ized clinical trial // Circulation. 2005. Vol. 111. P. 3230– 3236.Brienza N., Malcangi V., Dalfino L. et al. A comparison between fenoldopam and low-dose dopamine in early re- nal dysfunction of critically ill patients // Crit. Care Med. 2006. Vol. 34. P. 707–714.Brienza N., Malcangi V., Dalfino L. et al. A comparison between fenoldopam and low-dose dopamine in early re- nal dysfunction of critically ill patients // Crit. Care Med. 2006. Vol. 34. P. 707–714.Rosner M., Portilla D., Okusa M. Cardiac surgery as a cause of acute kidney injury: pathogenesis and potential therapies //J. Intensive Care. Med. 2008. Vol. 23. P. 3–18.Rosner M., Portilla D., Okusa M. Cardiac surgery as a cause of acute kidney injury: pathogenesis and potential therapies //J. Intensive Care. Med. 2008. Vol. 23. P. 3–18.Kramer B.K., Preuner J., Ebenburger A. et al. Lack of renoprotective effect of theophylline during aortocoro- nary bypass surgery // Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2002. Vol. 17. P. 910–915.Kramer B.K., Preuner J., Ebenburger A. et al. Lack of renoprotective effect of theophylline during aortocoro- nary bypass surgery // Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2002. Vol. 17. P. 910–915.Light D.B., Schwiebert E.M., Karlson K.H., Stanton B.A. Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits a cation channel in renal inner medullary collecting duct cells // Science. 1989. Vol. 243. P. 383–385.Light D.B., Schwiebert E.M., Karlson K.H., Stanton B.A. Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits a cation channel in renal inner medullary collecting duct cells // Science. 1989. Vol. 243. P. 383–385.Sward K., Valsson F., Odencrants P. et al. Recombinant human atrial natriuretic peptide in ischemic acute renal failure: a randomized placebo controlled trial // Crit. Care. Med. 2004. Vol. 32. P. 1310–1315.Sward K., Valsson F., Odencrants P. et al. Recombinant human atrial natriuretic peptide in ischemic acute renal failure: a randomized placebo controlled trial // Crit. Care. Med. 2004. Vol. 32. P. 1310–1315.Townsend D.R., Bagshaw S.M. New insights on intrave- nous fluids, diuretics and Acute Kidney Injury // Neph- ron. Clin. Pract. 2008. Vol. 109. P. 206–216.Townsend D.R., Bagshaw S.M. New insights on intrave- nous fluids, diuretics and Acute Kidney Injury // Neph- ron. Clin. Pract. 2008. Vol. 109. P. 206–216.Jarnberg P.O. Renal protection strategies in the peri- operative period // Best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol. 2004. Vol. 18. P. 645–660.Jarnberg P.O. Renal protection strategies in the peri- operative period // Best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol. 2004. Vol. 18. P. 645–660.Lassnigg A., Schmidlin D., Mouhieddine M. et al. Mini- mal changes of serum creatinine predict prognosis in pa- tients after cardiothoracic surgery: a prospective cohort study // J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2004. Vol. 15. P. 1597– 1605.Lassnigg A., Schmidlin D., Mouhieddine M. et al. Mini- mal changes of serum creatinine predict prognosis in pa- tients after cardiothoracic surgery: a prospective cohort study // J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2004. Vol. 15. P. 1597– 1605.Uchino S., Doig G.S., Bellomo R. et al. Diuretics and mortality in acute renal failure // Crit. Care Med. 2004. Vol. 32:1669–1677.Uchino S., Doig G.S., Bellomo R. et al. Diuretics and mortality in acute renal failure // Crit. Care Med. 2004. Vol. 32:1669–1677.Lombardi R., Ferreiro A., Servetto C. Renal function af- ter cardiac surgery: adverse effect of furosemide // Ren. Fail. 2003. Vol. 25. P. 775–786.Lombardi R., Ferreiro A., Servetto C. Renal function af- ter cardiac surgery: adverse effect of furosemide // Ren. Fail. 2003. Vol. 25. P. 775–786.Mehta R.L, Pascual M.T, Soroko S., Chertow G.M. Di- uretics, mortality and nonrecovery of renal function in acute renal failure // JAMA. 2002. Vol. 288. P. 2547– 2553.Mehta R.L, Pascual M.T, Soroko S., Chertow G.M. Di- uretics, mortality and nonrecovery of renal function in acute renal failure // JAMA. 2002. Vol. 288. P. 2547– 2553.Cooper J.R., Giesecke N.M. Hemodilution and priming solutions // Gravlee G.P., Davis R.F., Kurusz M., Ut- ley J.R. eds. Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Principles and Practice. 2ns ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. 2000. P. 186–196.Cooper J.R., Giesecke N.M. Hemodilution and priming solutions // Gravlee G.P., Davis R.F., Kurusz M., Ut- ley J.R. eds. Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Principles and Practice. 2ns ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. 2000. P. 186–196.Fisher A.R., Jones P., Barlow P. et al. The influence of mannitol on renal function during and after open-heart surgery // Perfusion. 1998. Vol. 13. P. 181–186.Fisher A.R., Jones P., Barlow P. et al. The influence of mannitol on renal function during and after open-heart surgery // Perfusion. 1998. Vol. 13. P. 181–186.Carcoana O.V., Mathew J.P., Davis E. et al. Mannitol and dopamine in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass: a randomized clinical trial // Anesth. Analg. 2003. Vol. 97. P. 1222–1229.Carcoana O.V., Mathew J.P., Davis E. et al. Mannitol and dopamine in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass: a randomized clinical trial // Anesth. Analg. 2003. Vol. 97. P. 1222–1229.Smith M.N., Best D., Sheppard S.V., Smith D.C. The ef- fect of mannitol on renal function after cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with established renal dysfunction // Anaesth. 2008. Vol. 63. P. 701–704.Smith M.N., Best D., Sheppard S.V., Smith D.C. The ef- fect of mannitol on renal function after cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with established renal dysfunction // Anaesth. 2008. Vol. 63. P. 701–704.Sirivella S., Gielchinsky I., Parsonnet V. Mannitol, fu- rosemide, and dopamine infusion in postoperative re- nal failure complicating cardiac surgery // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2000. Vol. 69. P. 501–506.Sirivella S., Gielchinsky I., Parsonnet V. Mannitol, fu- rosemide, and dopamine infusion in postoperative re- nal failure complicating cardiac surgery // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2000. Vol. 69. P. 501–506.Cagli K., Ulas M.M., Ozisik K. et al. The intraoperative effect of pentoxifylline on the inflammatory process and leukocytes in cardiac surgery patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass // Perfusion. 2005. Vol. 20. P. 45–51.Cagli K., Ulas M.M., Ozisik K. et al. The intraoperative effect of pentoxifylline on the inflammatory process and leukocytes in cardiac surgery patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass // Perfusion. 2005. Vol. 20. P. 45–51.Zhang M., Xu Y.J., Saini H.K. et al. Pentoxifylline atten- uates cardiac dysfunction and reduces TNF-{alpha}level in the ischemic-reperfused heart // Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol. 2005. Vol. 289. P. H832–H839.Zhang M., Xu Y.J., Saini H.K. et al. Pentoxifylline atten- uates cardiac dysfunction and reduces TNF-{alpha}level in the ischemic-reperfused heart // Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol. 2005. Vol. 289. P. H832–H839.Boldt J., Brosch C., Piper S.N. et al. Influence of prophy- lactic use of pentoxifylline on postoperative organ func- tion in elderly cardiac surgery patients // Crit. Care. Med. 2001. Vol. 29. P. 952–958.Boldt J., Brosch C., Piper S.N. et al. Influence of prophy- lactic use of pentoxifylline on postoperative organ func- tion in elderly cardiac surgery patients // Crit. Care. Med. 2001. Vol. 29. P. 952–958.Loef B.G., Henning R.H., Epema A.H. et al. Effect of dexamethasone on perioperative renal function impair- ment during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary by- pass // Br. J. Anaesth. 2004. Vol. 93. P. 793–798.Loef B.G., Henning R.H., Epema A.H. et al. Effect of dexamethasone on perioperative renal function impair- ment during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary by- pass // Br. J. Anaesth. 2004. Vol. 93. P. 793–798.Shernan S.K., Fitch J.C., Nussmeier N.A. et al. Impact of pexelizumab, an anti-C5 complement antibody, on total mortality and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in cardiac surgical patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2004. Vol. 77. P. 942–949.Shernan S.K., Fitch J.C., Nussmeier N.A. et al. Impact of pexelizumab, an anti-C5 complement antibody, on total mortality and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in cardiac surgical patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2004. Vol. 77. P. 942–949.Sucu N., Cinel I., Unlu A. et al. N-acetylcysteine for preventing pump-induced oxidoinflammatory response during cardiopulmonary bypass // Surg. Today. 2004. Vol. 34. P. 237–242.Sucu N., Cinel I., Unlu A. et al. N-acetylcysteine for preventing pump-induced oxidoinflammatory response during cardiopulmonary bypass // Surg. Today. 2004. Vol. 34. P. 237–242.Tossios P., Bloch W., Huebner A. et al. N-acetylcysteine prevents reactive oxygen species-mediated myocardial stress in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial // Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2003. Vol. 126.Tossios P., Bloch W., Huebner A. et al. N-acetylcysteine prevents reactive oxygen species-mediated myocardial stress in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial // Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2003. Vol. 126.P. 1513–1520.P. 1513–1520.Kshirsagar A.V., Poole C., Mottl A. et al. N-acetylcys-Kshirsagar A.V., Poole C., Mottl A. et al. N-acetylcys-teine for the prevention of radiocontrast induced nephro- pathy: a meta-analysis of prospective controlled trials // J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2004. Vol. 15. P. 761–769.teine for the prevention of radiocontrast induced nephro- pathy: a meta-analysis of prospective controlled trials // J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2004. Vol. 15. P. 761–769.Burns K.E., Chu M.W., Novick R.J. et al. Periopera- tive N-acetylcysteine to prevent renal dysfunction in high-risk patients undergoing CABG surgery: a ran- domized controlled trial // JAMA. 2005. Vol. 294. P. 342–349.Burns K.E., Chu M.W., Novick R.J. et al. Periopera- tive N-acetylcysteine to prevent renal dysfunction in high-risk patients undergoing CABG surgery: a ran- domized controlled trial // JAMA. 2005. Vol. 294. P. 342–349.Jo S.K., Rosner M.H., Okusa M.D. Pharmacological treatment of acute kidney injury: why drugs have not worked and what is on the horizon // Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007. Vol. 2. P. 356–365.Jo S.K., Rosner M.H., Okusa M.D. Pharmacological treatment of acute kidney injury: why drugs have not worked and what is on the horizon // Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007. Vol. 2. P. 356–365.Awad A.S., Ye H., Huang L. et al. Selective sphingosine 1-phosphate 1 receptor activation reduces ischemia-re- perfusion injury in mouse kidney // Am. J. Physial. Re- nal. Physiol. 2006. Vol. 290. P. F1516–F1524.Awad A.S., Ye H., Huang L. et al. Selective sphingosine 1-phosphate 1 receptor activation reduces ischemia-re- perfusion injury in mouse kidney // Am. J. Physial. Re- nal. Physiol. 2006. Vol. 290. P. F1516–F1524.Li L., Okusa M.D. Blocking the immune response in ischemic acute kidney injury: the role of adenosine 2A agonists // Nat. Clin. Pract. Nephrol. 2006. Vol. 2. P. 432–444.Li L., Okusa M.D. Blocking the immune response in ischemic acute kidney injury: the role of adenosine 2A agonists // Nat. Clin. Pract. Nephrol. 2006. Vol. 2. P. 432–444.Myles P.S., Hunt J.O., Holdgaard H.O. et al. Clonidine and cardiac surgery: haemodynamic and metabolic ef- fects, myocardial ischaemia and recovery // Anaesth. In- tensive Care. 1999. Vol. 27. P. 137–147.Myles P.S., Hunt J.O., Holdgaard H.O. et al. Clonidine and cardiac surgery: haemodynamic and metabolic ef- fects, myocardial ischaemia and recovery // Anaesth. In- tensive Care. 1999. Vol. 27. P. 137–147.Kulka P.J., Tryba M., Zenz M. Preoperative alpha2-ad- renergic receptor agonists prevent the deterioration of renal function after cardiac surgery: results of a rando- mized, controlled trial // Crit. Care Med. 1996. Vol. 24. P. 947–952.Kulka P.J., Tryba M., Zenz M. Preoperative alpha2-ad- renergic receptor agonists prevent the deterioration of renal function after cardiac surgery: results of a rando- mized, controlled trial // Crit. Care Med. 1996. Vol. 24. P. 947–952.Chanda J., Canver C.C. Reversal of preexisting vasos- pasm in coronary artery conduits // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2001. Vol. 72. P. 476–480.Chanda J., Canver C.C. Reversal of preexisting vasos- pasm in coronary artery conduits // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2001. Vol. 72. P. 476–480.Fansa I., Gol M., Nisanoglu V. et al. Does diltiazem in- hibit the inflammatory response in cardiopulmonary by- pass? // Med. Sci. Monit. 2003. Vol. 9. P. P130–P136.Fansa I., Gol M., Nisanoglu V. et al. Does diltiazem in- hibit the inflammatory response in cardiopulmonary by- pass? // Med. Sci. Monit. 2003. Vol. 9. P. P130–P136.Amar D., Fleisher M. Diltiazem treatment does not al- ter renal function after thoracic surgery // Chest. 2001. Vol. 119. P. 1476–1479.Amar D., Fleisher M. Diltiazem treatment does not al- ter renal function after thoracic surgery // Chest. 2001. Vol. 119. P. 1476–1479.Piper S.N., Kumle B., Maleck W.H. et al. Diltiazem may preserve renal tubular integrity after cardiac surgery // Can. J. Anaesth. 2003. Vol. 50. P. 285–292.Piper S.N., Kumle B., Maleck W.H. et al. Diltiazem may preserve renal tubular integrity after cardiac surgery // Can. J. Anaesth. 2003. Vol. 50. P. 285–292.Young E.W., Diab A., Kirsh M.M. Intravenous diltiazem and acute renal failure after cardiac operations // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1998. Vol. 65. P. 1316–1319.Young E.W., Diab A., Kirsh M.M. Intravenous diltiazem and acute renal failure after cardiac operations // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1998. Vol. 65. P. 1316–1319.Durmaz I., Yagdi T., Calkavur T. et al. Prophylactic di- alysis in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing on- pump coronary artery bypass surgery // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2003. Vol. 75. P. 859–864.Durmaz I., Yagdi T., Calkavur T. et al. Prophylactic di- alysis in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing on- pump coronary artery bypass surgery // Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2003. Vol. 75. P. 859–864.Mehta R., McDonald B., Gabbai F. et al. Collaborative Group for Treatment of ARF in the ICU. A randomized clinical trial of continuous versus intermittent dialy- sis for acute renal failure // Kidney. Int. 2001. Vol. 60. P. 1154–1163.Mehta R., McDonald B., Gabbai F. et al. Collaborative Group for Treatment of ARF in the ICU. A randomized clinical trial of continuous versus intermittent dialy- sis for acute renal failure // Kidney. Int. 2001. Vol. 60. P. 1154–1163.Teehan G., Liangos O., Lau J. et al. Dialysis membrane and modality in acute renal failure: understanding dis- cordant meta-analyses// Semin. Dial. 2003. Vol.16. P. 356–360.Teehan G., Liangos O., Lau J. et al. Dialysis membrane and modality in acute renal failure: understanding dis- cordant meta-analyses// Semin. Dial. 2003. Vol.16. P. 356–360.Tonelli M., Manns B., Feller-Kopman D. Acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: a systematic review of the impact of dialytic modality on mortality and renal recovery // Am. J. Kidney. Dis. 2002. Vol. 40. P. 875– 885.Tonelli M., Manns B., Feller-Kopman D. Acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: a systematic review of the impact of dialytic modality on mortality and renal recovery // Am. J. Kidney. Dis. 2002. Vol. 40. P. 875– 885.Uehlinger D.E., Jakob S.M., Ferrari P. et al. Comparison of continuous and intermittent renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure // Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2005. Vol. 20(8). P. 1630–1637.Uehlinger D.E., Jakob S.M., Ferrari P. et al. Comparison of continuous and intermittent renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure // Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2005. Vol. 20(8). P. 1630–1637.Van Biesen W., Vanholder R., Lameire N. Dialysis stra- tegies in critically ill acute renal failure patients // Curr. Opin. Crit. Care. 2003. Vol. 9. P. 491–495.Van Biesen W., Vanholder R., Lameire N. Dialysis stra- tegies in critically ill acute renal failure patients // Curr. Opin. Crit. Care. 2003. Vol. 9. P. 491–495.Ricci Z., Ronco C., D’amico G. et al. Practice patterns in the management of acute renal failure in the critically ill patient: an international survey // Nephrol. Dial. Trans- plant. 2006. Vol. 21. P. 690–696.Ricci Z., Ronco C., D’amico G. et al. Practice patterns in the management of acute renal failure in the critically ill patient: an international survey // Nephrol. Dial. Trans- plant. 2006. Vol. 21. P. 690–696.Chang J., Yang W., Seo J. et al. Continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration versus hemodialysis as renal replace- ment therapy in patients with acute renal failure in the intensive care unit // Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 2004. Vol. 38. P. 417–421.Chang J., Yang W., Seo J. et al. Continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration versus hemodialysis as renal replace- ment therapy in patients with acute renal failure in the intensive care unit // Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 2004. Vol. 38. P. 417–421.De Vriese A., Vanholder R., Pascual M. et al. Can inflam- matory cytokines be removed efficiently by continuous renal replacement therapies? // Intens. Care. Med. 1999. Vol. 25. P. 903–910.De Vriese A., Vanholder R., Pascual M. et al. Can inflam- matory cytokines be removed efficiently by continuous renal replacement therapies? // Intens. Care. Med. 1999. Vol. 25. P. 903–910.Fliser D., Kielstein J.T. A single-pass batch dialysis sy- stem: an ideal dialysis method for the patient in intensive care with acute renal failure // Curr. Opin. Crit. Care. 2004. Vol. 10. P. 483–488.Fliser D., Kielstein J.T. A single-pass batch dialysis sy- stem: an ideal dialysis method for the patient in intensive care with acute renal failure // Curr. Opin. Crit. Care. 2004. Vol. 10. P. 483–488.Cole L., Bellomo R., Journois D. et al. High-volume hae- mofiltration in human septic shock // Intens. Care. Med. 2001. Vol. 27. P. 978–986.Cole L., Bellomo R., Journois D. et al. High-volume hae- mofiltration in human septic shock // Intens. Care. Med. 2001. Vol. 27. P. 978–986.Kellum J., Mehta R., Angus D. et al. The first international consensus conference on соntinuous renal replacement therapy // Kidney. Int. 2002. Vol. 62. P. 1855–1863.Kellum J., Mehta R., Angus D. et al. The first international consensus conference on соntinuous renal replacement therapy // Kidney. Int. 2002. Vol. 62. P. 1855–1863.Ronco C., Bellomo R., Homel P. et al. Effects of different doses in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration on out- comes of acute renal failure: a prospective randomised trial // Lancet. 2000. Vol. 356. P. 26–30.Ronco C., Bellomo R., Homel P. et al. Effects of different doses in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration on out- comes of acute renal failure: a prospective randomised trial // Lancet. 2000. Vol. 356. P. 26–30.Schiffl H., Lang S.M., Fischer R. Daily hemodialysis and the outcome of acute renal failure // N. Engl. J. Med. 2002. Vol. 346. P. 305–310.Schiffl H., Lang S.M., Fischer R. Daily hemodialysis and the outcome of acute renal failure // N. Engl. J. Med. 2002. Vol. 346. P. 305–310.Saudan P., Niederberger M., De Seigneux S. et al. Ad- ding a dialysis dose to continuous hemofiltration increa- ses survival in patients with acute renal failure // Kidney. Int. 2006. Vol. 70. P. 1312–1317.Saudan P., Niederberger M., De Seigneux S. et al. Ad- ding a dialysis dose to continuous hemofiltration increa- ses survival in patients with acute renal failure // Kidney. Int. 2006. Vol. 70. P. 1312–1317.Faulhaber-Walter R., Hafer C., Jahr N. et al. The Han- nover Dialysis Outcome study: comparison of standard versus intensified extended dialysis for treatment of patients with acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit // Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2009. Vol. 24(8). P. 2602.Faulhaber-Walter R., Hafer C., Jahr N. et al. The Han- nover Dialysis Outcome study: comparison of standard versus intensified extended dialysis for treatment of patients with acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit // Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2009. Vol. 24(8). P. 2602.Kumar V., Craig M., Depner Т., Yeun J. Extended daily dialysis: a new approach to renal replacement for acute renal failure in the intensive care unit // Am. J. Kidney. Dis. 2000. Vol. 36. P. 294–300.Kumar V., Craig M., Depner Т., Yeun J. Extended daily dialysis: a new approach to renal replacement for acute renal failure in the intensive care unit // Am. J. Kidney. Dis. 2000. Vol. 36. P. 294–300.Kumar V., Yeun J., Depner Т. et al. Extended daily di- alysis vs. continuous hemodialysis for ICU patients with acute renal failure: a two-year single center report // Int. J. Artif. Organs. 2004. Vol. 27. P. 371–379.Kumar V., Yeun J., Depner Т. et al. Extended daily di- alysis vs. continuous hemodialysis for ICU patients with acute renal failure: a two-year single center report // Int. J. Artif. Organs. 2004. Vol. 27. P. 371–379.Marshall M., Golper Т., Shaver M. et al. Urea kinetics during sustained low-efficiency dialysis in critically ill patients requiring renal replacement therapy // Am. J. Kidney. Dis. 2002. Vol. 39. P. 556–570.Marshall M., Golper Т., Shaver M. et al. Urea kinetics during sustained low-efficiency dialysis in critically ill patients requiring renal replacement therapy // Am. J. Kidney. Dis. 2002. Vol. 39. P. 556–570.Marshall M., Ma T., Galler D. et al. Sustained low-ef- ficiency daily diafiltration (SLEDD-f) for critically ill patients requiring renal replacement therapy: towards an adequate therapy // Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2004. Vol. 19. P. 877–884.Marshall M., Ma T., Galler D. et al. Sustained low-ef- ficiency daily diafiltration (SLEDD-f) for critically ill patients requiring renal replacement therapy: towards an adequate therapy // Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2004. Vol. 19. P. 877–884.Stevens L-M., El-Hamamsy I., Leblanc M. et al. Con- tinuous renal replacement therapy after heart transplan- tation // Can. J. Cardiol. 2004. Vol. 20 (6). P. 619–623.Stevens L-M., El-Hamamsy I., Leblanc M. et al. Con- tinuous renal replacement therapy after heart transplan- tation // Can. J. Cardiol. 2004. Vol. 20 (6). P. 619–623.Augustine J.J., Sandy D., Seifert T.H. et al. A randomised, controlled trial, comparing intermittent with continuousAugustine J.J., Sandy D., Seifert T.H. et al. A randomised, controlled trial, comparing intermittent with continuousveno-venous dialysis in patients with AKI // Am. J. Kid-veno-venous dialysis in patients with AKI // Am. J. Kid-ney. Dis. 2004. Vol. 44. P. 1000–1007.ney. Dis. 2004. Vol. 44. P. 1000–1007.Lins R., Elseviers M., van der Niepen P. et al. Inter-Lins R., Elseviers M., van der Niepen P. et al. Inter-mittent versus continuous renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury patients admitted to the inten- sive care unit: results of a randomized clinical trial // Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2009. Vol. 24. P. 512– 518.mittent versus continuous renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury patients admitted to the inten- sive care unit: results of a randomized clinical trial // Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2009. Vol. 24. P. 512– 518.Vinsonneau C., Camus C., Comber A. et al. Continu- ous veno-venous haemofiltration versus intermittent haemodialysis for acute renal failure in patients with multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome: a multicentre randomised trial // Lancet. 2006. Vol. 368. P. 379– 385.Vinsonneau C., Camus C., Comber A. et al. Continu- ous veno-venous haemofiltration versus intermittent haemodialysis for acute renal failure in patients with multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome: a multicentre randomised trial // Lancet. 2006. Vol. 368. P. 379– 385.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.