vtioВестник трансплантологии и искусственных органовRussian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs1995-1191Academician V.I.Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs", Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation10.15825/1995-1191-2026-1-85-97vtio-2052Research ArticleТрансплантация сердца и вспомогательное кровообращениеHeart Transplantation and Assisted CirculationСпособы лечения гипертрофической кардиомиопатии в зависимости от ее анатомического вариантаTreatment strategies for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy based on anatomical variantСеменоваЮ. В.SemenovaYu. V.

Семенова Юлия Викторовна

123182, Москва, ул. Щукинская, д. 1. Тел. (985) 250-72-82

Yulia Semenova

1, Shchukinskaya str., Moscow, 123182

Phone: (985) 250-72-82

julie11.89@mail.ruМиронковБ. Л.MironkovB. L.

Москва,

Moscow

mironkov@rambler.ruИзотовД. А.IzotovD. A.

Москва,

Moscow

mskiworker@gmail.comФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр трансплантологии и искусственных органов имени академика В.И. Шумакова» Минздрава РоссииРоссияShumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial OrgansRussian Federation2026310320262818597Copyright © Семенова Ю.В., Миронков Б.Л., Изотов Д.А., 20262026Семенова Ю.В., Миронков Б.Л., Изотов Д.А.Semenova Y.V., Mironkov B.L., Izotov D.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.transpl.ru/vtio/article/view/2052

Гипертрофическая кардиомиопатия (ГКМП) – это наиболее частое наследственное заболевание серд ца, которое отличается разнообразием проявлений: от морфологических особенностей и течения болезни до клинической картины и гемодинамических параметров. Стратегия лечения ГКМП должна быть строго персонализированной и учитывать не только гемодинамические параметры, но и анатомические особенности. Классификация ГКМП на основе наличия или отсутствия обструкции выводного отдела левого желудочка, а также локализации гипертрофии межжелудочковой перегородки (базальный, срединный и апикальный типы) диктуют выбор оптимальной стратегии ведения пациентов. Медикаментозная терапия, хирургическая миэктомия или спиртовая септальная абляция являются основными методами лечения обструктивной ГКМП, в то время как при необструктивной форме акцент делается на контроле симптомов и профилактике осложнений. Учитывая риск внезапной сердечной смерти, особое внимание следует уделять своевременной имплантации кардиовертера-дефибриллятора пациентам с высоким риском.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited heart disease and is characterized by a variety of manifestations: from morphological features and disease progression to clinical presentation and hemodynamic parameters. Management of HCM should be strictly individualized, considering not only hemodynamic parameters but also anatomical features. Classification based on the presence or absence of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, as well as the location of interventricular septal hypertrophy (basal, midventricular, and apical), largely determines the optimal management strategy. Drug therapy, surgical myectomy, and alcohol septal ablation are the main treatment options for obstructive HCM, whereas management of the non-obstructive form focuses on symptom control and prevention of complications. Given the risk of sudden cardiac death, timely implantation of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in high-risk patients is of paramount importance.

гипертрофическая кардиомиопатияобструкция выводного отдела левого желудочкахирургическая миэктомияспиртовая септальная аблациятрансплантация сердцаhypertrophic cardiomyopathyleft ventricular outflow tract obstructionsurgical myectomyalcohol septal ablationheart transplantationReferencesElliott P, Andersson B, Arbustini E, Bilinska Z, Cecchi F, Charron P et al. Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society Of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2008 Jan; 29 (2): 270–276. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm342.Elliott P, Andersson B, Arbustini E, Bilinska Z, Cecchi F, Charron P et al. Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society Of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2008 Jan; 29 (2): 270–276. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm342.Firth J. Cardiology: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clin Med (Lond). 2019 Jan; 19 (1): 61–63. doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.19-1-61.Firth J. Cardiology: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clin Med (Lond). 2019 Jan; 19 (1): 61–63. doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.19-1-61.Arbelo E, Protonotarios A, Gimeno JR, Arbustini E, Barriales-Villa R, Basso C et al. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J. 2023 Oct 1; 44 (37): 3503–3626. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad194.Arbelo E, Protonotarios A, Gimeno JR, Arbustini E, Barriales-Villa R, Basso C et al. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J. 2023 Oct 1; 44 (37): 3503–3626. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad194.Ommen SR, Ho CY, Asif IM, Balaji S, Burke MA, Day SM et al. 2024 AHA/ACC/AMSSM/HRS/PACES/ SCMR Guideline for the Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2024 Jun 4; 149 (23): e1239–e1311. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001250.Ommen SR, Ho CY, Asif IM, Balaji S, Burke MA, Day SM et al. 2024 AHA/ACC/AMSSM/HRS/PACES/ SCMR Guideline for the Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2024 Jun 4; 149 (23): e1239–e1311. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001250.Antunes M de O, Scudeler TL. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2020 Mar 25; 27: 100503. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100503.Antunes M de O, Scudeler TL. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2020 Mar 25; 27: 100503. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100503.Maron MS, Kalsmith BM, Udelson JE, Li W, DeNofrio D. Survival after cardiac transplantation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail. 2010 Sep; 3 (5): 574–579. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.922872.Maron MS, Kalsmith BM, Udelson JE, Li W, DeNofrio D. Survival after cardiac transplantation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail. 2010 Sep; 3 (5): 574–579. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.922872.Rowin EJ, Maron BJ, Abt P, Kiernan MS, Vest A, Costantino F et al. Impact of Advanced Therapies for Improving Survival to Heart Transplant in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2018 Apr 15; 121 (8): 986–996. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.12.044.Rowin EJ, Maron BJ, Abt P, Kiernan MS, Vest A, Costantino F et al. Impact of Advanced Therapies for Improving Survival to Heart Transplant in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2018 Apr 15; 121 (8): 986–996. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.12.044.Wang Y, Jia H, Song J. Accurate Classification of Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2023 Oct; 25 (10): 1299–1317. doi: 10.1007/s11886-023-01944-0.Wang Y, Jia H, Song J. Accurate Classification of Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2023 Oct; 25 (10): 1299–1317. doi: 10.1007/s11886-023-01944-0.Sherrid MV, Massera D. Risk Stratification and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Subtypes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Nov 12; 74 (19): 2346–2349. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.09.020.Sherrid MV, Massera D. Risk Stratification and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Subtypes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Nov 12; 74 (19): 2346–2349. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.09.020.Glavaški M, Preveden A, Jakovljević Đ, Filipović N, Velicki L. Subtypes and Mechanisms of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Proposed by Machine Learning Algorithms. Life (Basel). 2022 Oct 9; 12 (10): 1566. doi: 10.3390/life12101566.Glavaški M, Preveden A, Jakovljević Đ, Filipović N, Velicki L. Subtypes and Mechanisms of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Proposed by Machine Learning Algorithms. Life (Basel). 2022 Oct 9; 12 (10): 1566. doi: 10.3390/life12101566.Syed IS, Ommen SR, Breen JF, Tajik AJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: identification of morphological subtypes by echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008 May; 1 (3): 377–379. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2008.02.008.Syed IS, Ommen SR, Breen JF, Tajik AJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: identification of morphological subtypes by echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008 May; 1 (3): 377–379. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2008.02.008.Helmy SM, Maauof GF, Shaaban AA, Elmaghraby AM, Anilkumar S, Shawky AHH et al. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Prevalence, Hypertrophy Patterns, and Their Clinical and ECG Findings in a Hospital at Qatar. Heart Views. 2011 Oct; 12 (4): 143–149. doi: 10.4103/1995705X.90900.Helmy SM, Maauof GF, Shaaban AA, Elmaghraby AM, Anilkumar S, Shawky AHH et al. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Prevalence, Hypertrophy Patterns, and Their Clinical and ECG Findings in a Hospital at Qatar. Heart Views. 2011 Oct; 12 (4): 143–149. doi: 10.4103/1995705X.90900.Said SM, Schaff HV. Surgical treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013; 25 (4): 300–309. doi: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2014.01.001.Said SM, Schaff HV. Surgical treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013; 25 (4): 300–309. doi: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2014.01.001.Tang B, Song Y, Cui H, Ji K, Yu Q, Zhu C et al. Prognosis of adult obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with different morphological types after surgical myectomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2018 Aug 1; 54 (2): 310–317. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezy037.Tang B, Song Y, Cui H, Ji K, Yu Q, Zhu C et al. Prognosis of adult obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with different morphological types after surgical myectomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2018 Aug 1; 54 (2): 310–317. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezy037.Maron MS, Olivotto I, Zenovich AG, Link MS, Pandian NG, Kuvin JT et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is predominantly a disease of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Circulation. 2006 Nov 21; 114 (21): 2232– 2239. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.644682.Maron MS, Olivotto I, Zenovich AG, Link MS, Pandian NG, Kuvin JT et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is predominantly a disease of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Circulation. 2006 Nov 21; 114 (21): 2232– 2239. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.644682.Geske JB, Sorajja P, Ommen SR, Nishimura RA. Variability of left ventricular outflow tract gradient during cardiac catheterization in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2011 Jun; 4 (6): 704–709. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2011.02.014.Geske JB, Sorajja P, Ommen SR, Nishimura RA. Variability of left ventricular outflow tract gradient during cardiac catheterization in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2011 Jun; 4 (6): 704–709. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2011.02.014.Maron MS, Rowin EJ, Olivotto I, Casey SA, Arretini A, Tomberli B et al. Contemporary Natural History and Management of Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Mar 29; 67 (12): 1399–1409. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.01.023.Maron MS, Rowin EJ, Olivotto I, Casey SA, Arretini A, Tomberli B et al. Contemporary Natural History and Management of Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Mar 29; 67 (12): 1399–1409. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.01.023.Maron BJ, Maron MS. Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Overlooked But Not Forgotten. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016 Mar; 91 (3): 277–278. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.01.004.Maron BJ, Maron MS. Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Overlooked But Not Forgotten. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016 Mar; 91 (3): 277–278. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.01.004.Hebl VB, Miranda WR, Ong KC, Hodge DO, Bos JM, Gentile F et al. The Natural History of Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016 Mar; 91 (3): 279–287. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.01.002.Hebl VB, Miranda WR, Ong KC, Hodge DO, Bos JM, Gentile F et al. The Natural History of Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016 Mar; 91 (3): 279–287. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.01.002.Maron BJ, Maron MS. The Remarkable 50 Years of Imaging in HCM and How it Has Changed Diagnosis and Management: From M-Mode Echocardiography to CMR. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016 Jul; 9 (7): 858–872. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.05.003.Maron BJ, Maron MS. The Remarkable 50 Years of Imaging in HCM and How it Has Changed Diagnosis and Management: From M-Mode Echocardiography to CMR. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016 Jul; 9 (7): 858–872. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.05.003.Shimada YJ, Passeri JJ, Baggish AL, O’Callaghan C, Lowry PA, Yannekis G et al. Effects of losartan on left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis in patients with nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JACC Heart Fail. 2013 Dec; 1 (6): 480–487. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2013.09.001.Shimada YJ, Passeri JJ, Baggish AL, O’Callaghan C, Lowry PA, Yannekis G et al. Effects of losartan on left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis in patients with nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JACC Heart Fail. 2013 Dec; 1 (6): 480–487. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2013.09.001.Rowin EJ, Maron BJ, Kiernan MS, Casey SA, Feldman DS, Hryniewicz KM et al. Advanced heart failure with preserved systolic function in nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: under-recognized subset of candidates for heart transplant. Circ Heart Fail. 2014 Nov; 7 (6): 967–975. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001435.Rowin EJ, Maron BJ, Kiernan MS, Casey SA, Feldman DS, Hryniewicz KM et al. Advanced heart failure with preserved systolic function in nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: under-recognized subset of candidates for heart transplant. Circ Heart Fail. 2014 Nov; 7 (6): 967–975. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001435.Pasqualucci D, Fornaro A, Castelli G, Rossi A, Arretini A, Chiriatti C et al. Clinical Spectrum, Therapeutic Options, and Outcome of Advanced Heart Failure in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail. 2015 Nov; 8 (6): 1014–1021. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001843.Pasqualucci D, Fornaro A, Castelli G, Rossi A, Arretini A, Chiriatti C et al. Clinical Spectrum, Therapeutic Options, and Outcome of Advanced Heart Failure in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail. 2015 Nov; 8 (6): 1014–1021. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001843.Maron BJ, Ommen SR, Semsarian C, Spirito P, Olivotto I, Maron MS. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: present and future, with translation into contemporary cardiovascular medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 July 8; 64 (1): 83–99. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.003.Maron BJ, Ommen SR, Semsarian C, Spirito P, Olivotto I, Maron MS. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: present and future, with translation into contemporary cardiovascular medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 July 8; 64 (1): 83–99. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.003.Maron BJ, Rowin EJ, Casey SA, Maron MS. How Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Became a Contemporary Treatable Genetic Disease With Low Mortality: Shaped by 50 Years of Clinical Research and Practice. JAMA Cardiol. 2016 Apr 1; 1 (1): 98–105. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2015.0354.Maron BJ, Rowin EJ, Casey SA, Maron MS. How Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Became a Contemporary Treatable Genetic Disease With Low Mortality: Shaped by 50 Years of Clinical Research and Practice. JAMA Cardiol. 2016 Apr 1; 1 (1): 98–105. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2015.0354.Maron BJ, Rowin EJ, Maron MS, Braunwald E. Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Out of the Shadows: Known from the Beginning but Largely Ignored … Until Now. Am J Med. 2017 Feb; 130 (2): 119–123. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.09.015.Maron BJ, Rowin EJ, Maron MS, Braunwald E. Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Out of the Shadows: Known from the Beginning but Largely Ignored … Until Now. Am J Med. 2017 Feb; 130 (2): 119–123. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.09.015.Guigui SA, Torres C, Escolar E, Mihos CG. Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis. 2022 Jun; 14 (6): 2309–2325. doi: 10.21037/jtd-22-182.Guigui SA, Torres C, Escolar E, Mihos CG. Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis. 2022 Jun; 14 (6): 2309–2325. doi: 10.21037/jtd-22-182.Pollick C, Rakowski H, Wigle ED. Muscular subaortic stenosis: the quantitative relationship between systolic anterior motion and the pressure gradient. Circulation. 1984 Jan; 69 (1): 43–49. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.69.1.43.Pollick C, Rakowski H, Wigle ED. Muscular subaortic stenosis: the quantitative relationship between systolic anterior motion and the pressure gradient. Circulation. 1984 Jan; 69 (1): 43–49. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.69.1.43.Dal-Bianco JP, Levine RA. Anatomy of the mitral valve apparatus: role of 2D and 3D echocardiography. Cardiol Clin. 2013 May; 31 (2): 151–164. doi: 10.1016/j.ccl.2013.03.001.Dal-Bianco JP, Levine RA. Anatomy of the mitral valve apparatus: role of 2D and 3D echocardiography. Cardiol Clin. 2013 May; 31 (2): 151–164. doi: 10.1016/j.ccl.2013.03.001.Grigg LE, Wigle ED, Williams WG, Daniel LB, Rakowski H. Transesophageal Doppler echocardiography in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clarification of pathophysiology and importance in intraoperative decision making. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Jul; 20 (1): 42–52. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90135-a.Grigg LE, Wigle ED, Williams WG, Daniel LB, Rakowski H. Transesophageal Doppler echocardiography in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clarification of pathophysiology and importance in intraoperative decision making. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Jul; 20 (1): 42–52. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90135-a.Maron MS, Olivotto I, Harrigan C, Appelbaum E, Gibson CM, Lesser JR et al. Mitral valve abnormalities identified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance represent a primary phenotypic expression of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2011 Jul 5; 124 (1): 40–47. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.985812.Maron MS, Olivotto I, Harrigan C, Appelbaum E, Gibson CM, Lesser JR et al. Mitral valve abnormalities identified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance represent a primary phenotypic expression of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2011 Jul 5; 124 (1): 40–47. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.985812.Sherrid MV, Chu CK, Delia E, Mogtader A, Dwyer EM. An echocardiographic study of the fluid mechanics of obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Sep; 22 (3): 816–825. doi: 10.1016/07351097(93)90196-8.Sherrid MV, Chu CK, Delia E, Mogtader A, Dwyer EM. An echocardiographic study of the fluid mechanics of obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Sep; 22 (3): 816–825. doi: 10.1016/07351097(93)90196-8.Hwang HJ, Choi EY, Kwan J, Kim SA, Shim CY, Ha JW et al. Dynamic change of mitral apparatus as potential cause of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2011 Jan; 12 (1): 19–25. doi: 10.1093/ejechocard/jeq092.Hwang HJ, Choi EY, Kwan J, Kim SA, Shim CY, Ha JW et al. Dynamic change of mitral apparatus as potential cause of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2011 Jan; 12 (1): 19–25. doi: 10.1093/ejechocard/jeq092.Schwammenthal E, Nakatani S, He S, Hopmeyer J, Sagie A, Weyman AE et al. Mechanism of mitral regurgitation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: mismatch of posterior to anterior leaflet length and mobility. Circulation. 1998 Sep 1; 98 (9): 856–865. doi: 10.1161/01. cir.98.9.856.Schwammenthal E, Nakatani S, He S, Hopmeyer J, Sagie A, Weyman AE et al. Mechanism of mitral regurgitation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: mismatch of posterior to anterior leaflet length and mobility. Circulation. 1998 Sep 1; 98 (9): 856–865. doi: 10.1161/01. cir.98.9.856.Yeo TC, Miller FA, Oh JK, Schaff HV, Weissler AM, Seward JB. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with obstruction: important diagnostic clue provided by the direction of the mitral regurgitation jet. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1998 Jan; 11 (1): 61–65. doi: 10.1016/s0894-7317(98)70121-x.Yeo TC, Miller FA, Oh JK, Schaff HV, Weissler AM, Seward JB. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with obstruction: important diagnostic clue provided by the direction of the mitral regurgitation jet. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1998 Jan; 11 (1): 61–65. doi: 10.1016/s0894-7317(98)70121-x.Hang D, Schaff HV, Nishimura RA, Lahr BD, Abel MD, Dearani JA et al. Accuracy of Jet Direction on Doppler Echocardiography in Identifying the Etiology of Mitral Regurgitation in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019 Mar; 32 (3): 333–340. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2018.10.011.Hang D, Schaff HV, Nishimura RA, Lahr BD, Abel MD, Dearani JA et al. Accuracy of Jet Direction on Doppler Echocardiography in Identifying the Etiology of Mitral Regurgitation in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019 Mar; 32 (3): 333–340. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2018.10.011.Jiang L, Levine RA, King ME, Weyman AE. An integrated mechanism for systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy based on echocardiographic observations. Am Heart J. 1987 Mar; 113 (3): 633–644. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(87)90701-0.Jiang L, Levine RA, King ME, Weyman AE. An integrated mechanism for systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy based on echocardiographic observations. Am Heart J. 1987 Mar; 113 (3): 633–644. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(87)90701-0.Ro R, Halpern D, Sahn DJ, Homel P, Arabadjian M, Lopresto C et al. Vector flow mapping in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to assess the relationship of early systolic left ventricular flow and the mitral valve. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Nov 11; 64 (19): 1984–1995. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.090.Ro R, Halpern D, Sahn DJ, Homel P, Arabadjian M, Lopresto C et al. Vector flow mapping in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to assess the relationship of early systolic left ventricular flow and the mitral valve. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Nov 11; 64 (19): 1984–1995. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.090.Harrigan CJ, Appelbaum E, Maron BJ, Buros JL, Gibson CM, Lesser JR et al. Significance of papillary muscle abnormalities identified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2008 Mar 1; 101 (5): 668–673. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.10.032.Harrigan CJ, Appelbaum E, Maron BJ, Buros JL, Gibson CM, Lesser JR et al. Significance of papillary muscle abnormalities identified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2008 Mar 1; 101 (5): 668–673. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.10.032.Kwon DH, Setser RM, Thamilarasan M, Popovic ZV, Smedira NG, Schoenhagen P et al. Abnormal papillary muscle morphology is independently associated with increased left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2008 Oct; 94 (10): 1295–1301. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2007.118018.Kwon DH, Setser RM, Thamilarasan M, Popovic ZV, Smedira NG, Schoenhagen P et al. Abnormal papillary muscle morphology is independently associated with increased left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2008 Oct; 94 (10): 1295–1301. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2007.118018.Lentz Carvalho J, Schaff HV, Morris CS, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Maleszewski JJ et al. Anomalous papillary muscles-Implications in the surgical treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022 Jan; 163 (1): 83–89.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.04.007.Lentz Carvalho J, Schaff HV, Morris CS, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Maleszewski JJ et al. Anomalous papillary muscles-Implications in the surgical treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022 Jan; 163 (1): 83–89.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.04.007.Lefebvre XP, He S, Levine RA, Yoganathan AP. Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an in vitro pulsatile flow study. J Heart Valve Dis. 1995 Jul; 4 (4): 422–438.Lefebvre XP, He S, Levine RA, Yoganathan AP. Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an in vitro pulsatile flow study. J Heart Valve Dis. 1995 Jul; 4 (4): 422–438.Robich MP, Schaff HV, Ortoleva J, Patlolla SH, Zaky MH, Cobey FC et al. Understanding septal morphology in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-implications for the surgeon. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2023 Aug; 166 (2): 514–518. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2022.09.059.Robich MP, Schaff HV, Ortoleva J, Patlolla SH, Zaky MH, Cobey FC et al. Understanding septal morphology in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-implications for the surgeon. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2023 Aug; 166 (2): 514–518. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2022.09.059.Awad K, Pereyra Pietri M, Farina JM, Pathangey G, Abbas MT, Scalia IG et al. Efficacy of Pharmacological Therapies in Reducing Outflow Tract Obstruction in Patients with Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2025 Aug 12; 11 (5): 469– 482. doi: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaf036.Awad K, Pereyra Pietri M, Farina JM, Pathangey G, Abbas MT, Scalia IG et al. Efficacy of Pharmacological Therapies in Reducing Outflow Tract Obstruction in Patients with Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2025 Aug 12; 11 (5): 469– 482. doi: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaf036.Кожанов РС, Егунов ОА, Янулевич ОС, Соколов АА, Кривощеков ЕВ. Непосредственные результаты трансаортальной расширенной септальной миэктомии у детей с обструктивной гипертрофической кардиомиопатией. Клиническая и экспериментальная хирургия. 2023; 11 (2): 93–100.Kozhanov RS, Egunov ОA, Yanulevich OS, Sokolov AA, Krivoshchekov EV. Immediate results of transaortic extended septal myectomy in children with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clinical and Experimental Surgery. Petrovsky Journal. 2023; 11 (2): 93–100. https://doi.org/10.33029/2308-1198-2023-11-2-93-100. (in Russ).Землянников ИД, Царегородцев АВ, Нгуен ХН, Ферзалиева ЗР, Дрождина АА. Трансмитральная миэктомия и протезирование митрального клапана из мини-доступа при обструктивной гипертрофической кардиомиопатии. Медицина экстремальных ситуаций. 2023; 25 (2): 112–116. https://doi.org/10.47183/mes.2023.012.Zemlyannikov ID, Tsaregorodtsev AV, Nguyen HN, Ferzalieva ZR, Drozhdina AA. Mini-invasive transmitral myectomy and mitral valve replacement in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy case. Extreme Medicine. 2023; 25 (2): 112–116. https://doi.org/10.47183/mes.2023.012.Morrow AG, Reitz BA, Epstein SE, Henry WL, Conkle DM, Itscoitz SB et al. Operative treatment in hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Techniques, and the results of pre and postoperative assessments in 83 patients. Circulation. 1975 Jul; 52 (1): 88–102. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.52.1.88.Morrow AG, Reitz BA, Epstein SE, Henry WL, Conkle DM, Itscoitz SB et al. Operative treatment in hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Techniques, and the results of pre and postoperative assessments in 83 patients. Circulation. 1975 Jul; 52 (1): 88–102. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.52.1.88.Nguyen A, Schaff HV. Transaortic Septal Myectomy for Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2017 Dec 1; 22 (4): 200–215. doi: 10.1053/j.optechstcvs.2018.06.001.Nguyen A, Schaff HV. Transaortic Septal Myectomy for Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2017 Dec 1; 22 (4): 200–215. doi: 10.1053/j.optechstcvs.2018.06.001.Джорджикия РК, Володюхин МЮ, Сафарова ДФ, Хайруллин РН, Велиева ЛМ. Сравнительная оценка методов хирургического лечения обструктивной гипертрофической кардиомиопатии. Клиническая и экспериментальная хирургия. 2020; 8 (3): 51–58.Dzhordzhikiia RK, Volodiukhin MYu, Safarova DF, Khayrullin RN, Velieva LM. Comparative assessment of different surgical treatment methods in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clinical and Experimental Surgery. Petrovsky Journal. 2020; 8 (3): 51–58. https://doi.org/10.33029/2308-1198-2020-8-3-51-58. (in Russ.).Дземешкевич СЛ, Мотрева АП, Корж ДА, Мартьянова ЮБ, Садекова МА, Балашова МС, Заклязьминская ЕВ. Гипертрофическая кардиомиопатия: септальная миэктомия и алкогольная абляция должны быть персонализированы. Клиническая и экспериментальная хирургия. 2025; 13 (1): 105–111. https://doi.org/10.33029/2308-1198-2025-131-105-111. (in Russ.).Dzemeshkevich SL, Motreva AP, Korzh DA, Martyanova YuB, Sadekova MA, Balashova MS, Zaklyazmin skaya EV. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: septal myectomy and alcohol ablation should be personalized. Clinical and Experimental Surgery. Petrovsky Journal. 2025; 13 (1): 105–111. https://doi.org/10.33029/2308-1198-2025-131-105-111. (in Russ.).Sigwart U. Non-surgical myocardial reduction for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 1995 Jul 22; 346 (8969): 211–214. doi: 10.1016/s01406736(95)91267-3.Sigwart U. Non-surgical myocardial reduction for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 1995 Jul 22; 346 (8969): 211–214. doi: 10.1016/s01406736(95)91267-3.Григорьевич ОА, Павловна МС, Юрьевна МО, Иванович КЕ, Бирюков АВ, Зубарев ДД, Малетина ИВ. Клинический пример успешного выполнения транскоронарной септальной аблации у пациента детского возраста с гипертрофической обструктивной кардиомиопатией. Патология кровообращения и кардиохирургия. 2010; (1): 81–83. https://sciup.org/142140323.Grigorievich OA, Pavlovna MS, Yuryevna MO, Ivanovich KE, Biryukov AV, Zubarev DD, Maletina IV. A clinical case of successful transcoronary septal ablation in a pediatric patient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Circulatory Pathology and Cardiac Surgery. 2010; (1): 81–83. https://sciup.org/142140323.Ullah W, Warner E, Khandait H, Sachdeva S, Abdalla AS, Shafique M et al. Septal Myectomy or Alcohol Ablation for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) Database Analysis. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2023 May; 50: 54–58. doi: 10.1016/j.carrev.2023.01.013.Ullah W, Warner E, Khandait H, Sachdeva S, Abdalla AS, Shafique M et al. Septal Myectomy or Alcohol Ablation for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) Database Analysis. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2023 May; 50: 54–58. doi: 10.1016/j.carrev.2023.01.013.Sun D, Schaff HV, Nishimura RA, Geske JB, Dearani JA, Ommen SR. Transapical Septal Myectomy for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy With Midventricular Obstruction. Ann Thorac Surg. 2021 Mar; 111 (3): 836–844. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.05.182.Sun D, Schaff HV, Nishimura RA, Geske JB, Dearani JA, Ommen SR. Transapical Septal Myectomy for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy With Midventricular Obstruction. Ann Thorac Surg. 2021 Mar; 111 (3): 836–844. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.05.182.Kunkala MR, Schaff HV, Nishimura RA, Abel MD, Sorajja P, Dearani JA et al. Transapical approach to myectomy for midventricular obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013 Aug; 96 (2): 564–570. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.04.073.Kunkala MR, Schaff HV, Nishimura RA, Abel MD, Sorajja P, Dearani JA et al. Transapical approach to myectomy for midventricular obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013 Aug; 96 (2): 564–570. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.04.073.Minami Y, Kajimoto K, Terajima Y, Yashiro B, Okayama D, Haruki S et al. Clinical implications of midventricular obstruction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Jun 7; 57 (23): 2346–2355. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.02.033.Minami Y, Kajimoto K, Terajima Y, Yashiro B, Okayama D, Haruki S et al. Clinical implications of midventricular obstruction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Jun 7; 57 (23): 2346–2355. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.02.033.Minami Y, Hagiwara N. Pharmacological Strategies for Midventricular Obstruction in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Intern Med. 2019 Feb 15; 58 (4): 463–464. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.1668-18.Minami Y, Hagiwara N. Pharmacological Strategies for Midventricular Obstruction in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Intern Med. 2019 Feb 15; 58 (4): 463–464. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.1668-18.Malcolmson JW, Hughes RK, Husselbury T, Khan K, Learoyd AE, Lees M et al. Distal Ventricular Pacing for Drug-Refractory Mid-Cavity Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Personalized Pacing. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2024 Jul; 17 (7): e012570. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.123.012570.Malcolmson JW, Hughes RK, Husselbury T, Khan K, Learoyd AE, Lees M et al. Distal Ventricular Pacing for Drug-Refractory Mid-Cavity Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Personalized Pacing. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2024 Jul; 17 (7): e012570. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.123.012570.Hamada M, Shigematsu Y, Inaba S, Aono J, Ikeda S, Watanabe K et al. Antiarrhythmic drug cibenzoline attenuates left ventricular pressure gradient and improves transmitral Doppler flow pattern in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy caused by midventricular obstruction. Circ J. 2005 Aug; 69 (8): 940–945. doi: 10.1253/circj.69.940.Hamada M, Shigematsu Y, Inaba S, Aono J, Ikeda S, Watanabe K et al. Antiarrhythmic drug cibenzoline attenuates left ventricular pressure gradient and improves transmitral Doppler flow pattern in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy caused by midventricular obstruction. Circ J. 2005 Aug; 69 (8): 940–945. doi: 10.1253/circj.69.940.Nazziconi M, Signore G, Capodaglio I, Patani F, Benedetti M, Brugiatelli L et al. Mavacamten, a real game changer in a case of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with both midventricular and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. European Heart Journal Supplements. 2025 May 1; 27 (Supplement_5): suaf076.217. doi: 10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suaf076.217.Nazziconi M, Signore G, Capodaglio I, Patani F, Benedetti M, Brugiatelli L et al. Mavacamten, a real game changer in a case of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with both midventricular and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. European Heart Journal Supplements. 2025 May 1; 27 (Supplement_5): suaf076.217. doi: 10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suaf076.217.Rella V, Muraru D, Crotti L. Efficacy of mavacamten in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and midventricular obstruction: case series. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2025 May 8; 9 (5): ytaf229. doi: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytaf229.Rella V, Muraru D, Crotti L. Efficacy of mavacamten in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and midventricular obstruction: case series. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2025 May 8; 9 (5): ytaf229. doi: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytaf229.Зайнетдинов МР, Джорджикия РК, Мухарямов МН. Хирургическое лечение среднежелудочковой формы обструктивной гипертрофической кардиомиопатии. Клиническая и экспериментальная хирургия. 2024; 12 (1): 15–22.Zainetdinov MR, Dzhordzhikiya RK, Mukharyamov MN. Surgical treatment of the midventricular form of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clinical and Experimental Surgery. Petrovsky Journal. 2024; 12 (1): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.33029/2308-11982024-12-1-15-22. (in Russ.).Tengiz I, Ercan E, Alioglu E, Turk UO. Percutaneous septal ablation for left mid-ventricular obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a case report. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Apr 10; 6: 15. doi: 10.1186/14712261-6-15.Tengiz I, Ercan E, Alioglu E, Turk UO. Percutaneous septal ablation for left mid-ventricular obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a case report. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Apr 10; 6: 15. doi: 10.1186/14712261-6-15.Sato R, Satoh T, Iguchi K, Suwa K, Maekawa Y. Alcohol Septal Ablation for Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy With Midventricular Obstruction and Papillary Muscle Abnormalities. JACC Case Rep. 2025 Apr 16; 30 (8): 103183. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2024.103183.Sato R, Satoh T, Iguchi K, Suwa K, Maekawa Y. Alcohol Septal Ablation for Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy With Midventricular Obstruction and Papillary Muscle Abnormalities. JACC Case Rep. 2025 Apr 16; 30 (8): 103183. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2024.103183.Shah A, Duncan K, Winson G, Chaudhry FA, Sherrid MV. Severe symptoms in mid and apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography. 2009 Sep; 26 (8): 922–933. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2009.00905.x.Shah A, Duncan K, Winson G, Chaudhry FA, Sherrid MV. Severe symptoms in mid and apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography. 2009 Sep; 26 (8): 922–933. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2009.00905.x.Begley D, Mohiddin S, Fananapazir L. Dual chamber pacemaker therapy for mid-cavity obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2001 Nov; 24 (11): 1639–1644. doi: 10.1046/j.14609592.2001.01639.x.Begley D, Mohiddin S, Fananapazir L. Dual chamber pacemaker therapy for mid-cavity obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2001 Nov; 24 (11): 1639–1644. doi: 10.1046/j.14609592.2001.01639.x.Hughes RK, Knott KD, Malcolmson J, Augusto JB, Mohiddin SA, Kellman P et al. Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: The Variant Less Known. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Mar 3; 9 (5): e015294. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.015294.Hughes RK, Knott KD, Malcolmson J, Augusto JB, Mohiddin SA, Kellman P et al. Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: The Variant Less Known. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Mar 3; 9 (5): e015294. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.015294.Li J, Fang J, Liu Y, Wei X. Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Clin Res Cardiol. 2024 May; 113 (5): 680–693. doi: 10.1007/s00392-023-02328-8.Li J, Fang J, Liu Y, Wei X. Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Clin Res Cardiol. 2024 May; 113 (5): 680–693. doi: 10.1007/s00392-023-02328-8.Eriksson MJ, Sonnenberg B, Woo A, Rakowski P, Parker TG, Wigle ED et al. Long-term outcome in patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Feb 20; 39 (4): 638–645. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01778-8.Eriksson MJ, Sonnenberg B, Woo A, Rakowski P, Parker TG, Wigle ED et al. Long-term outcome in patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Feb 20; 39 (4): 638–645. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01778-8.Kubo T, Kitaoka H, Okawa M, Hirota T, Hoshikawa E, Hayato K et al. Clinical profiles of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with apical phenotype – comparison of pureapical form and distal-dominant form. Circ J. 2009 Dec; 73 (12): 2330–2336. doi: 10.1253/circj.cj-09-0438.Kubo T, Kitaoka H, Okawa M, Hirota T, Hoshikawa E, Hayato K et al. Clinical profiles of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with apical phenotype – comparison of pureapical form and distal-dominant form. Circ J. 2009 Dec; 73 (12): 2330–2336. doi: 10.1253/circj.cj-09-0438.Nguyen A, Schaff HV, Nishimura RA, Geske JB, Dearani JA, King KS et al. Apical myectomy for patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and advanced heart failure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020 Jan; 159 (1): 145–152. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.03.088.Nguyen A, Schaff HV, Nishimura RA, Geske JB, Dearani JA, King KS et al. Apical myectomy for patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and advanced heart failure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020 Jan; 159 (1): 145–152. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.03.088.Maron BJ. Clinical Course and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 16; 379 (7): 655–668. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1710575.Maron BJ. Clinical Course and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 16; 379 (7): 655–668. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1710575.Ho CY, Mealiffe ME, Bach RG, Bhattacharya M, Choudhury L, Edelberg JM et al. Evaluation of Mavacamten in Symptomatic Patients With Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Jun 2; 75 (21): 2649–2660. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.064.Ho CY, Mealiffe ME, Bach RG, Bhattacharya M, Choudhury L, Edelberg JM et al. Evaluation of Mavacamten in Symptomatic Patients With Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Jun 2; 75 (21): 2649–2660. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.064.Schaff HV, Brown ML, Dearani JA, Abel MD, Ommen SR, Sorajja P et al. Apical myectomy: a new surgical technique for management of severely symptomatic patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010 Mar; 139 (3): 634–640. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.07.079.Schaff HV, Brown ML, Dearani JA, Abel MD, Ommen SR, Sorajja P et al. Apical myectomy: a new surgical technique for management of severely symptomatic patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010 Mar; 139 (3): 634–640. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.07.079.Афанасьев АВ, Богачев-Прокофьев АВ, Кирилова ВС, Волкова ИИ, Кашапов РИ, Шаяхметова СВ и др. Трансапикальная миэктомия как альтернатива трансплантации серд ца у пациента с апикальной гипертрофической кардиомиопатией. Клиническая и экспериментальная хирургия. 2024; 12 (1): 127–134. https://doi.org/10.33029/23081198-2024-12-1-127-134. (in Russ.).Afanasyev AV, Bogachev-Prokophiev AV, Kirilova VS, Volkova II, Kashapov RI, Shajahmetova SV et al. Transapical myectomy as an alternative to heart transplantation in patient with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clinical and Experimental Surgery. Petrovsky Journal. 2024; 12 (1): 127–134. https://doi.org/10.33029/23081198-2024-12-1-127-134. (in Russ.).Peyrou J, Réant P, Reynaud A, Cornolle C, Dijos M, Rooryck-Thambo C et al. Morphological and functional abnormalities pattern in hypertrophy-free HCM mutation carriers detected with echocardiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016 Sep; 32 (9): 1379–1389. doi: 10.1007/s10554-016-0929-6.Peyrou J, Réant P, Reynaud A, Cornolle C, Dijos M, Rooryck-Thambo C et al. Morphological and functional abnormalities pattern in hypertrophy-free HCM mutation carriers detected with echocardiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016 Sep; 32 (9): 1379–1389. doi: 10.1007/s10554-016-0929-6.Captur G, Lopes LR, Mohun TJ, Patel V, Li C, Bassett P et al. Prediction of sarcomere mutations in subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014 Nov; 7 (6): 863–871. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.114.002411.Captur G, Lopes LR, Mohun TJ, Patel V, Li C, Bassett P et al. Prediction of sarcomere mutations in subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014 Nov; 7 (6): 863–871. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.114.002411.Groarke JD, Galazka PZ, Cirino AL, Lakdawala NK, Thune JJ, Bundgaard H et al. Intrinsic mitral valve alterations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy sarcomere mutation carriers. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018 Oct 1; 19 (10): 1109–1116. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jey095Groarke JD, Galazka PZ, Cirino AL, Lakdawala NK, Thune JJ, Bundgaard H et al. Intrinsic mitral valve alterations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy sarcomere mutation carriers. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018 Oct 1; 19 (10): 1109–1116. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jey095

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.