<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vtio</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник трансплантологии и искусственных органов</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1995-1191</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Academician V.I.Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs", Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15825/1995-1191-2012-3-83-91</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vtio-195</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзор литературы</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Literature Reviews</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ГОСПИТАЛЬНАЯ МИКРОФЛОРА И БИОПЛЕНКИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION AND MICROBIAL BIOFILMS IN SURGERY</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Габриэлян</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gabrielyan</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горская</surname><given-names>Е. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorskaya</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романова</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanova</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цирульникова</surname><given-names>О. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsirulnikova</surname><given-names>O. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «ФНЦ трансплантологии и искусственных органов имени академика В.И. Шумакова» Минздрава России, г. Москва</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Academician V.I. Schumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>05</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title>ВЕСТНИК ТРАНСПЛАНТОЛОГИИ И ИСКУССТВЕННЫХ ОРГАНОВ том XIV No 3–2012</issue-title><fpage>83</fpage><lpage>91</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Габриэлян Н.И., Горская Е.М., Романова Н.И., Цирульникова О.М., 2012</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Габриэлян Н.И., Горская Е.М., Романова Н.И., Цирульникова О.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gabrielyan N.I., Gorskaya E.M., Romanova N.I., Tsirulnikova O.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.transpl.ru/vtio/article/view/195">https://journal.transpl.ru/vtio/article/view/195</self-uri><abstract><p>В обзоре изложены данные литературы о значении образования биопленок условнопатогенными бакте- риями в хирургии. Представлены сведения о микробном составе биопленок, архитектуре и физиологии. Обращено внимание на значение микробных сообществ, образующих биопленки, в хирургии. Разбира- ются механизмы повышенной резистентности биопленочных бактерий по сравнению с планктонными. Приводятся данные литературы о процессах образования биопленок на внутрисосудистых катетерах и методы их ингибиции и протекции. Излагаются методы изучения образования и подавления биопленок in vitro и in vivo на медицинских устройствах. Обсуждаются различные биотехнологические приемы, основанные на использовании антиадгезивных, антисептических, биофизических средств и биопрепара- тов, которые будут способствовать снижению и предупреждению инфекционных осложнений в хирургии и в трансплантологии. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review presents data on the role of biofilms formation by opportunistic microbes in surgery. It gives in- formation about the microbial structure of biofilms, their architecture and physiology. The attention was payed to significal importance of microbial communities, which form biofilms in surgery. Mechanisms of increased resistance of biofilms bacteria are compared with plankton. The review includes literature data on the process of formation biofilms on intravascular catheters and methods of inhibition and protection. Methods of studing formation and inhibition of biofilms in vitro and in vivo are presented. Different biotechnology methods, based on using antiadhesive, antiseptic, biophysical resources and biomaterials are discussed. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микробные биопленки</kwd><kwd>хирургия</kwd><kwd>инвазивные устройства</kwd><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>microbial biofilms</kwd><kwd>surgery</kwd><kwd>invasive devices</kwd><kwd>resistance to antibiotics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бондаренко В.М., Рыбальченко О.В., Орлова О.Г. и др. Дезорганизация биопленок клинических штам- мов стафилококков метаболитами лактобацилл // Журн. микробиол. 2010. No 6. C. 66–70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Бондаренко В.М., Рыбальченко О.В., Орлова О.Г. и др. Дезорганизация биопленок клинических штам- мов стафилококков метаболитами лактобацилл // Журн. микробиол. 2010. No 6. C. 66–70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Габриэлян Н.И., Толпекин В.Е., Шумаков Д.В. и др. 30-летний опыт применения контрпульсации и обхо- да желудочков сердца: проблема инфекции // Вест- ник трансплантологии и искусственных органов. 2006. No 4. C. 80–82.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Габриэлян Н.И., Толпекин В.Е., Шумаков Д.В. и др. 30-летний опыт применения контрпульсации и обхо- да желудочков сердца: проблема инфекции // Вест- ник трансплантологии и искусственных органов. 2006. No 4. C. 80–82.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гинцбург А.Л., Романова Ю.М. Бактериальные био- пленки как естественная форма существования бак- терий в окружающей среде и организме хозяина // Журн. микробиол. 2011. No 3. С. 99–109.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Гинцбург А.Л., Романова Ю.М. Бактериальные био- пленки как естественная форма существования бак- терий в окружающей среде и организме хозяина // Журн. микробиол. 2011. No 3. С. 99–109.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Голуб А.В. Новые возможности профилактики ин- фекций области хирургического вмешательства // Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная хи- миотерапия. 2011. No 1. С. 56–66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Голуб А.В. Новые возможности профилактики ин- фекций области хирургического вмешательства // Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная хи- миотерапия. 2011. No 1. С. 56–66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ильина Т.С., Романова Ю.М., Гинцбург А.Л. Систе- ма коммуникаций у бактерий и их роль в патоген- ности // Мол. генет. микробиол. вирусол. 2006. No 3. C. 22–29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ильина Т.С., Романова Ю.М., Гинцбург А.Л. Систе- ма коммуникаций у бактерий и их роль в патоген- ности // Мол. генет. микробиол. вирусол. 2006. No 3. C. 22–29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Караев З.О., Мамедова Л.Р. Влияние лекарственных препаратов на образование биопленок Candida al- bicans // Проблемы медицинской микологии. 2010. No 3. С. 10–12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Караев З.О., Мамедова Л.Р. Влияние лекарственных препаратов на образование биопленок Candida al- bicans // Проблемы медицинской микологии. 2010. No 3. С. 10–12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузнецова М.В. Формирование биопленок нозоко- миальными штаммами Pseudomonas aeruginosa // Журн. микробиол. 2011. No 4. C. 8–14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Кузнецова М.В. Формирование биопленок нозоко- миальными штаммами Pseudomonas aeruginosa // Журн. микробиол. 2011. No 4. C. 8–14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Романова Н.И., Буданова Е.В., Спирина Т.С. и др. Спо- собность к биопленкообразованию у госпитальных микроорганизмов // Матер. X научно-практической конфер. «Внутрибольничные инфекции в стацио- нарах различного профиля, профилактика, лечение осложнений». М., 2012. С. 58–59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Романова Н.И., Буданова Е.В., Спирина Т.С. и др. Спо- собность к биопленкообразованию у госпитальных микроорганизмов // Матер. X научно-практической конфер. «Внутрибольничные инфекции в стацио- нарах различного профиля, профилактика, лечение осложнений». М., 2012. С. 58–59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Романова Ю.М., Диденко Л.В., Толордава Э.Р. и др. Биопленки патогенных бактерий и их роль в хро- низации инфекционного процесса. Поиск средств борьбы с биопленками // Вестник РАМН. 2011. No 10. С. 31–39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Романова Ю.М., Диденко Л.В., Толордава Э.Р. и др. Биопленки патогенных бактерий и их роль в хро- низации инфекционного процесса. Поиск средств борьбы с биопленками // Вестник РАМН. 2011. No 10. С. 31–39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тец Г.В. Роль внеклеточной ДНК и липидов матрикса во взаимодействии бактерий биопленок с антибиоти- ками: Дис. ... канд. мед. наук. СПб.–М., 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Тец Г.В. Роль внеклеточной ДНК и липидов матрикса во взаимодействии бактерий биопленок с антибиоти- ками: Дис. ... канд. мед. наук. СПб.–М., 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чеботарь И.В., Маянский А.Н., Кончакова Е.Д. и др. Антибиотикорезистентность биопленочных бак- терий // Клин. микробиол. антимикроб. химиотер. 2012. Т. 14. No 1. С. 51–58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Чеботарь И.В., Маянский А.Н., Кончакова Е.Д. и др. Антибиотикорезистентность биопленочных бак- терий // Клин. микробиол. антимикроб. химиотер. 2012. Т. 14. No 1. С. 51–58.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adam B., Baillie G.S., Douglas L.J. Mixed species bio- films on Candida albicans and Staphylococcus epidermi- dis // J. Med. Microbiol. 2002. Vol. 51. P. 344–349.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adam B., Baillie G.S., Douglas L.J. Mixed species bio- films on Candida albicans and Staphylococcus epidermi- dis // J. Med. Microbiol. 2002. Vol. 51. P. 344–349.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Azeredo J., Sutherland I.W. The use of phages for the re- moval of infectious biofilms //Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2008. Vol. 9 (4). P. 261–266.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Azeredo J., Sutherland I.W. The use of phages for the re- moval of infectious biofilms //Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2008. Vol. 9 (4). P. 261–266.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balaban N., Cirioni O., Giacometti A. et al. Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm infection by the quorum- sensing inhibitor RIP // Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2007. Vol. 51. P. 2226–2229.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balaban N., Cirioni O., Giacometti A. et al. Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm infection by the quorum- sensing inhibitor RIP // Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2007. Vol. 51. P. 2226–2229.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balestrino D., Souweine B., Charbonnel N. et al. Era- dication of microorganisms embedded in biofilm by an ethanol-based catheter lock solution // Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2009. Vol. 24. P. 3204–3209.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balestrino D., Souweine B., Charbonnel N. et al. Era- dication of microorganisms embedded in biofilm by an ethanol-based catheter lock solution // Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2009. Vol. 24. P. 3204–3209.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Banin E., Brady K.M., Greenberg E.P. Chelator-induced dispersal and killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells in a biofilm // Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006. Vol. 72 (3). P. 2064–2069.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Banin E., Brady K.M., Greenberg E.P. Chelator-induced dispersal and killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells in a biofilm // Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006. Vol. 72 (3). P. 2064–2069.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Betjes M.G.H., van Agteren M. Prevention of dialysis ca- theter-related sepsis with a citrate-taurolidine-containing lock solution // Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2004. Vol. 19. P. 1546–1551.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Betjes M.G.H., van Agteren M. Prevention of dialysis ca- theter-related sepsis with a citrate-taurolidine-containing lock solution // Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2004. Vol. 19. P. 1546–1551.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garcia I., Conejo M.C., Ojeda A. et al. A dynamic in vitro model for evaluating antimicrobial activity against bacterial biofilms using a new device and clinical used catheters // J. Microb. Methods. 2010. Vol. 83. P. 307– 311.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garcia I., Conejo M.C., Ojeda A. et al. A dynamic in vitro model for evaluating antimicrobial activity against bacterial biofilms using a new device and clinical used catheters // J. Microb. Methods. 2010. Vol. 83. P. 307– 311.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Budhani R.K., Struthers J.K. Interaction of Streptococ- cus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis investigation of the indirect pathogenic role of a beta-lactamase-pro- ducing Moraxella by use of a continous – culturebiofilm system // Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1998. Vol. 43. P. 2521–2526.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Budhani R.K., Struthers J.K. Interaction of Streptococ- cus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis investigation of the indirect pathogenic role of a beta-lactamase-pro- ducing Moraxella by use of a continous – culturebiofilm system // Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1998. Vol. 43. P. 2521–2526.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burton E., Gawande P.V., Yakandawala N. et al. Anti- biofilm activity of GlmU enzyme inhibitors against catheter-associated uropathogens // Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006. Vol. 50. P. 1835–1840.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burton E., Gawande P.V., Yakandawala N. et al. Anti- biofilm activity of GlmU enzyme inhibitors against catheter-associated uropathogens // Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006. Vol. 50. P. 1835–1840.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carson L., Gorman S.P., Gilmore B.F. The use of lytic bacteriophages in the prevention and eradication of bio- films of Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli // FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2010. Vol. 59 (3). P. 447–455.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carson L., Gorman S.P., Gilmore B.F. The use of lytic bacteriophages in the prevention and eradication of bio- films of Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli // FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2010. Vol. 59 (3). P. 447–455.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ciofu O. Pseudomonas aeruginosa chromosomal beta- lactamase in patiens with cystic fibrosis and chronic lung infection. Mechanism of antibiotic resistance and target of the humoral immune response // APMIS Suppl. 2003. Vol. 116. P. 41–47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ciofu O. Pseudomonas aeruginosa chromosomal beta- lactamase in patiens with cystic fibrosis and chronic lung infection. Mechanism of antibiotic resistance and target of the humoral immune response // APMIS Suppl. 2003. Vol. 116. P. 41–47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Costerton J.W., Stewardm P.S., Greenberg E.P. Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections // Sci- ence. 1999. Vol. 284. P. 1318–1322.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Costerton J.W., Stewardm P.S., Greenberg E.P. Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections // Sci- ence. 1999. Vol. 284. P. 1318–1322.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cotar A.I., Dinu S., Chifiriuc M.C. et al. Screening of molecular markers of quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from clinical infections // Roum. Biotech. Letters. 2008. Vol. 13 (3). P. 3765–3770.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cotar A.I., Dinu S., Chifiriuc M.C. et al. Screening of molecular markers of quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from clinical infections // Roum. Biotech. Letters. 2008. Vol. 13 (3). P. 3765–3770.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Curtin J.J., Donlan R.M. Using bacteriophages to redu- ce formation of catheter-associated biofilms by Staphy- lococcus epidermidis // Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006. Vol. 50. P. 1268–1275.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Curtin J.J., Donlan R.M. Using bacteriophages to redu- ce formation of catheter-associated biofilms by Staphy- lococcus epidermidis // Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006. Vol. 50. P. 1268–1275.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davey M.E., O’Toolem G.A. Microbial biofilms: from ecology to molecular genetics // Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2000. Vol. 64. P. 847–867.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davey M.E., O’Toolem G.A. Microbial biofilms: from ecology to molecular genetics // Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2000. Vol. 64. P. 847–867.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davies D.G., Chakrabarty A.M., Geesey G.G. Exopoly- saccharide production in biofilms: substratum activation of alginate gene expression by Pseudomonas aerugino- sa // Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1993. Vol. 59. P. 1181– 1186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davies D.G., Chakrabarty A.M., Geesey G.G. Exopoly- saccharide production in biofilms: substratum activation of alginate gene expression by Pseudomonas aerugino- sa // Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1993. Vol. 59. P. 1181– 1186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davies D.G., Marques C.N.H. A fatty acid messenger is responsible for inducing dispersion in microbial bio- films // J. Bacteriol. 2009. Vol. 191. P. 1393–1403.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davies D.G., Marques C.N.H. A fatty acid messenger is responsible for inducing dispersion in microbial bio- films // J. Bacteriol. 2009. Vol. 191. P. 1393–1403.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donelli G. Vascular catheter-related infection and sep- sis // Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2006. Vol. 7 (Suppl 2). S. 5–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donelli G. Vascular catheter-related infection and sep- sis // Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2006. Vol. 7 (Suppl 2). S. 5–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donlan R.M., Costerton J.W. Biofilms: survival mecha- nisms of clinically relevant microorganisms // Clin. Mi- robiol. Rev. 2002. Vol. 15. P. 167–193.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donlan R.M., Costerton J.W. Biofilms: survival mecha- nisms of clinically relevant microorganisms // Clin. Mi- robiol. Rev. 2002. Vol. 15. P. 167–193.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donlan R.M. Biofilm elimination on intravascular ca- theters: important consideration for the infectious di- sease practitioner // Healthcare epidemiology. 2011. Vol. 52 (15). P. 1038–1043.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donlan R.M. Biofilm elimination on intravascular ca- theters: important consideration for the infectious di- sease practitioner // Healthcare epidemiology. 2011. Vol. 52 (15). P. 1038–1043.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dunne W.M., Mason E.O., Kaplan S.L. Diffusion of ri- fampin and vancomicin through a Staphylococcus epi- dermidis biofilms // Antimicrob. Agents Chemoter. 1993. Vol. 37. P. 2522–2526.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dunne W.M., Mason E.O., Kaplan S.L. Diffusion of ri- fampin and vancomicin through a Staphylococcus epi- dermidis biofilms // Antimicrob. Agents Chemoter. 1993. Vol. 37. P. 2522–2526.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Estivill D., Arias A., Torres-Lana A. et al. Biofilm formati- on by five species of Candida on three clinical materials // J. Microbiol. Methods. 2011. Vol. 86 (2). P. 238–242.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Estivill D., Arias A., Torres-Lana A. et al. Biofilm formati- on by five species of Candida on three clinical materials // J. Microbiol. Methods. 2011. Vol. 86 (2). P. 238–242.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hall-Stoodley L.J., Costerton W., Stoodley P. Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious di- seases // Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2004. Vol. 2. P. 95–108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hall-Stoodley L.J., Costerton W., Stoodley P. Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious di- seases // Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2004. Vol. 2. P. 95–108.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hentzer M., Teitzel G.M., Balzer G.J. et al. Alginate overproduction affects Pseudomonas aeruginosa bio- film structure and function // J. Bacteriol. 2001. Vol. 183. P. 5395–5401.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hentzer M., Teitzel G.M., Balzer G.J. et al. Alginate overproduction affects Pseudomonas aeruginosa bio- film structure and function // J. Bacteriol. 2001. Vol. 183. P. 5395–5401.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holmberg A., Morgelin M., Rasmussen M. Effectiveness of ciprofloxacin or linezolid in combination with rifam- picin against Enterococcus faecalis in biofilms // J. Anti- microb. Chemoter. 2012. Vol. 67 (2). P. 433–439.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holmberg A., Morgelin M., Rasmussen M. Effectiveness of ciprofloxacin or linezolid in combination with rifam- picin against Enterococcus faecalis in biofilms // J. Anti- microb. Chemoter. 2012. Vol. 67 (2). P. 433–439.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keren I., Shah D., Spoering A. et al. Specialized persister cells and the mechanism of multidrug tolerance in Esche- richia coli // J. Bacteriol. 2004. Vol. 186. P. 8171–8180.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keren I., Shah D., Spoering A. et al. Specialized persister cells and the mechanism of multidrug tolerance in Esche- richia coli // J. Bacteriol. 2004. Vol. 186. P. 8171–8180.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khardori N., Yassien M. Biofilms in device-related infec- tions // J. Ind. Microbiol. 1995. Vol. 15 (3). P. 141–147.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khardori N., Yassien M. Biofilms in device-related infec- tions // J. Ind. Microbiol. 1995. Vol. 15 (3). P. 141–147.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lazar V., Chifiriuc M.C. Architecture and physiology of microbial biofilms // Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol. 2010. Vol. 69 (2). P. 95–107.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazar V., Chifiriuc M.C. Architecture and physiology of microbial biofilms // Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol. 2010. Vol. 69 (2). P. 95–107.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lazar V., Chifiriuc M.C. Medical significance and new therapeu tial strategies for biofilm associated infections // Roum Arch. Microbiol. Immunol. 2010. Vol. 69 (3). P. 125–138.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazar V., Chifiriuc M.C. Medical significance and new therapeu tial strategies for biofilm associated infections // Roum Arch. Microbiol. Immunol. 2010. Vol. 69 (3). P. 125–138.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mandsberg L.F., Ciofu O., Kirkby N. et al. Antibiotic re- sistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains with incre- ased mutation frequency due to inactivation of the DNA oxidative repair system // Antimicrob. Agents Chemoter. 2009. Vol. 53. P. 2483–2491.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mandsberg L.F., Ciofu O., Kirkby N. et al. Antibiotic re- sistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains with incre- ased mutation frequency due to inactivation of the DNA oxidative repair system // Antimicrob. Agents Chemoter. 2009. Vol. 53. P. 2483–2491.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Metcalf S.C.L., Chambers S.T., Pithie A.D. Use of etha- nol locks to prevent recurrent central line sepsis // J. In- fect. 2004. Vol. 49. P. 20–22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Metcalf S.C.L., Chambers S.T., Pithie A.D. Use of etha- nol locks to prevent recurrent central line sepsis // J. In- fect. 2004. Vol. 49. P. 20–22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nablo B.J., Prichard H.L., Butler R.D. et al. Inhibition of implant-associated infections via nitric oxide release // Biomaterials. 2005. Vol. 26. P. 6984–6990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nablo B.J., Prichard H.L., Butler R.D. et al. Inhibition of implant-associated infections via nitric oxide release // Biomaterials. 2005. Vol. 26. P. 6984–6990.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Percival S.L., Kite P., Eastwood K. et al. Tetrasodium EDTA as a novel central venous catheter lock soluti- on against biofilm // Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol. 2005. Vol. 26. P. 515–519.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Percival S.L., Kite P., Eastwood K. et al. Tetrasodium EDTA as a novel central venous catheter lock soluti- on against biofilm // Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol. 2005. Vol. 26. P. 515–519.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raad I., Chatzinikolaou I., Chaiban G. et al. In vitro and ex vivo activities of minocycline and EDTA against mi- croorganisms embedded in biofilm on catheter surfaces // Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2003. Vol. 47 (11). P. 3580–3585.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raad I., Chatzinikolaou I., Chaiban G. et al. In vitro and ex vivo activities of minocycline and EDTA against mi- croorganisms embedded in biofilm on catheter surfaces // Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2003. Vol. 47 (11). P. 3580–3585.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raad I.I., Fang X., Keutgen X.M. The role of chelators in preventing biofilm formation and catheter-related bloodstream infections // Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2008. Vol. 21. P. 385–392.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raad I.I., Fang X., Keutgen X.M. The role of chelators in preventing biofilm formation and catheter-related bloodstream infections // Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2008. Vol. 21. P. 385–392.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sha C.B., Mittelman M.W., Costerton J.W. et al. Antimi- crobial activity of a novel catheter lock solution // Anti- microb. Agents Chemother. 2002. Vol. 46. P. 1674–1679.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sha C.B., Mittelman M.W., Costerton J.W. et al. Antimi- crobial activity of a novel catheter lock solution // Anti- microb. Agents Chemother. 2002. Vol. 46. P. 1674–1679.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simon A., Ammann R.A., Wiszniewsky G. et al. Tauroli- dine-citrate lock solution (TauroLock) significantly re- duces CVAD-associated gram positive infections in pe- diatric cancer patients // BMC Infect. Dis. 2008. Vol. 8. P. 102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simon A., Ammann R.A., Wiszniewsky G. et al. Tauroli- dine-citrate lock solution (TauroLock) significantly re- duces CVAD-associated gram positive infections in pe- diatric cancer patients // BMC Infect. Dis. 2008. Vol. 8. P. 102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Street C.N., Gibbs A., Pedigo L. et al. In vitro photody- namic eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in plank- tonic and biofilm culture // Photochem. Photobiol. 2009. Vol. 85 (1). P. 137–143.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Street C.N., Gibbs A., Pedigo L. et al. In vitro photody- namic eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in plank- tonic and biofilm culture // Photochem. Photobiol. 2009. Vol. 85 (1). P. 137–143.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu J., Wu J., Francis K.P. et al. Monitoring in vivo fitness of rifampicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus mutants in a mouse biofilm infection model // J. Antimicrob. Che- mother. 2005. Vol. 55. P. 528–534.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu J., Wu J., Francis K.P. et al. Monitoring in vivo fitness of rifampicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus mutants in a mouse biofilm infection model // J. Antimicrob. Che- mother. 2005. Vol. 55. P. 528–534.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
