<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vtio</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник трансплантологии и искусственных органов</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1995-1191</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Academician V.I.Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs", Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15825/1995-1191-2025-1-135-144</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vtio-1930</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Регенеративная медицина и клеточные технологии</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Regenerative Medicine and Cell Technologies</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Исследование гистоархитектоники бычьего перикарда как основного материала, используемого в реконструктивной хирургии и биопротезировании</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Investigation of the histoarchitecture of bovine pericardium as the primary material used in reconstructive surgery and bioprosthesis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6373-2079</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Звягина</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zvyagina</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Звягина Алена Игоревна</p><p>142290, Московская обл., Пущино, ул. Институтская, д. 3. Тел. (960) 600-93-00</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alena Zvyagina</p><p>3, Institutskaya str., Pushchino, 142290  Phone: (960) 600-93-00 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alennazvyagina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минайчев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pyatina</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пущино </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vminaychev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кобякова</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Minaiychev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пущино </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ritaaaaa49@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ломовская</surname><given-names>Я. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kobyakova</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пущино </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yannalomovskaya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пятина</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lomovskaya</surname><given-names>Ya. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пущино </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kirapyatina01@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сенотов</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Senotov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пущино </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.s.senotov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тетерина</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Teterina</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kinskusha@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фадеева</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fadeeva</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пущино </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fadeeva.iteb@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН «Институт теоретической и экспериментальной биофизики Российской академии наук»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН «Институт металлургии и материаловедения имени А.А. Байкова Российской академии наук»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>135</fpage><lpage>144</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Звягина А.И., Минайчев В.В., Кобякова М.И., Ломовская Я.В., Пятина К.В., Сенотов А.С., Тетерина А.Ю., Фадеева И.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Звягина А.И., Минайчев В.В., Кобякова М.И., Ломовская Я.В., Пятина К.В., Сенотов А.С., Тетерина А.Ю., Фадеева И.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zvyagina A.I., Pyatina K.V., Minaiychev V.V., Kobyakova M.I., Lomovskaya Y.V., Senotov A.S., Teterina A.Y., Fadeeva I.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.transpl.ru/vtio/article/view/1930">https://journal.transpl.ru/vtio/article/view/1930</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель: изучить состав и топологию внеклеточного матрикса бычьего перикарда и определить наиболее оптимальные области ткани, подходящие для изготовления сердечно-сосудистых биопротезов (ССБ). Материалы и методы. Исследовали образцы перикарда здоровых половозрелых быков; нативный перикард разделялся на экспериментальные группы: область основной ткани (группа БП-ОТ), область основания сердца (БП-ОС) и область основания соединительной связки (БП-СВ). Проводили исследование структуры поверхностей перикарда (p. serosum и p. fibrosum) методом сканирующей электронной микроскопии, а также особенностей топологии различных областей перикарда методами дифференциального гистохимического анализа с выявлением и количественным определением основных компонентов внеклеточного матрикса (коллаген, эластин, липиды и гликозаминогликаны). Квантификацию осуществляли методами биоимиджинга и цифрового анализа гистологических изображений с использованием программного обеспечения ImageJ. Результаты. Наиболее низкой клеточной плотностью, и соответственно, содержанием ДНК (369,75 ± 23,12 нг/мг), а также наиболее гомогенным, преимущественно коллагеновым (95,6 ± 2,9%) составом матрикса с минимальным содержанием липидов (2,6 ± 1,5%), гликозаминогликанов (0,68 ± 0,7%) и эластина (3 ± 2,4%) обладала группа БП-ОТ. Наибольшее содержание эластина и гликозаминогликанов было обнаружено в группе БП-СВ (27,8 ± 3 и 17,5 ± 0,6% соответственно), а липидов – в группе БП-ОС (21,2 ± 2,7%.). Со стороны p. serosum наблюдалась выраженная гомогенность состава ВКМ, при этом локализация эластиновых волокон, гликозаминогликанов и липидных скоплений в данных группах наблюдалась преимущественно со стороны p. fibrisum, что указывает на природную полярность материала, которую необходимо учитывать при разработке биоматериалов. Заключение. По результатам исследования выявлена неоднородность топологии бычьего перикарда в различных областях ткани. Сравнительная гомогенность состава ВКМ и относительно низкая клеточная плотность указывают, что для изготовления биопротезов клапанов сердца может быть использована только основная ткань перикарда. Высокое содержание эластина, гликозаминогликанов и липидов в отдельных областях перикарда (группы БП-ОС и БП-СВ) указывает на необходимость либо более тщательного удаления данного слоя при изготовлении имплантатов (например, за счет техник селективной очистки), либо использования данных областей ткани перикарда там, где гетерогенность состава является более предпочтительной (например, в челюстно-лицевой и ортопедической хирургии).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective: to study the composition and topology of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of bovine pericardium and to identify the best tissue areas suitable for the fabrication of bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs). Materials and methods. The pericardium samples of healthy sexually mature bulls were studied; the native pericardium was divided into three experimental groups: core tissue (BP-CT group), heart base (BP-HB) and connective ligament base (BP-CL). Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the structure of the pericardial surfaces (p. serosum and p. fibrosum), while differential histochemical analysis was used to study the topology of various pericardial regions, with identification and quantification of the main constituents of the extracellular matrix (ECM) (collagen, elastin, lipids, and glycosaminoglycans). Quantification was performed by bioimaging and digital analysis of histological images using the ImageJ software. Results. The BP-CT group had the lowest cellular density and, consequently, DNA content (369.75 ± 23.12 ng/mg), in addition to having the most homogeneous, predominantly collagenous (95.6 ± 2.9%) matrix composition with minimal lipid (2.6 ± 1.5%), glycosaminoglycan (0.68 ± 0.7%) and elastin (3 ± 2.4%) content. The BP-CL group had the highest levels of elastin and glycosaminoglycans (27.8 ± 3% and 17.5 ± 0.6%, respectively), while the BP-HB group had the highest lipid content (21.2 ± 2.7%.). On the p. serosum side, the ECM composition was noticeably homogeneous, while elastin fibers, glycosaminoglycans, and lipid clusters were predominantly found on the p. fibrisum side, indicating the natural polarity of the material, which should be considered when fabricating biomaterials. Conclusion. The findings in this study revealed that bovine pericardial topology varied depending on the tissue area. Only the main pericardial tissue can be used to create BHVs, as evidenced by the comparative homogeneity of ECM composition and relatively low cellular density. The high content of elastin, glycosaminoglycans and lipids in specific pericardial tissue areas (the BP-HB and BP-CL groups) suggests that either this layer needs to be removed more thoroughly during implant fabrication (e.g., by selective purification techniques) or these pericardial tissue areas should be used where heterogeneity of the composition is desired (e.g., in maxillofacial and orthopedic surgery).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бычий ксеноперикард</kwd><kwd>топология перикарда</kwd><kwd>внеклеточный матрикс</kwd><kwd>сердечнососудистые биопротезы</kwd><kwd>кальциноз</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bovine xenopericardium</kwd><kwd>pericardial topology</kwd><kwd>extracellular matrix</kwd><kwd>bioprosthetic heart valves</kwd><kwd>calcification</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Публикация настоящей работы поддержана Российским научным фондом, проект № 24-73-10208 «Разработка инжектируемых кальцийфосфатных гидратированных паст для малоинвазивного введения и полярно реминерализованных композитных барьерных мембран с целью направленной регенерации тканей в травматологии и челюстно-лицевой хирургии».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shklover J, McMasters J, Alfonso-Garcia A, Higuita ML, Panitch A, Marcu L, Griffiths L. Bovine pericardial extracellular matrix niche modulates human aortic endothelial cell phenotype and function. Sci Rep. 2019; 9 (1): 16688. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53230-1. PMID: 31723198.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shklover J, McMasters J, Alfonso-Garcia A, Higuita ML, Panitch A, Marcu L, Griffiths L. Bovine pericardial extracellular matrix niche modulates human aortic endothelial cell phenotype and function. Sci Rep. 2019; 9 (1): 16688. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53230-1. PMID: 31723198.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stieglmeier F, Grab M, König F, Büch J, Hagl C, Thierfelder N. Mapping of bovine pericardium to enable a standardized acquirement of material for medical implants. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2021; 118 (3): 104432. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104432. PMID: 33853036.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stieglmeier F, Grab M, König F, Büch J, Hagl C, Thierfelder N. Mapping of bovine pericardium to enable a standardized acquirement of material for medical implants. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2021; 118 (3): 104432. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104432. PMID: 33853036.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Texakalidis P, Giannopoulos S, Charisis N, Giannopoulos S, Karasavvidis T, Koullias G, Jabbour P. A meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing bovine pericardium and other patch materials for carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg. 2018; 68 (4): 1241–1256.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.07.023. PMID: 30244928.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Texakalidis P, Giannopoulos S, Charisis N, Giannopoulos S, Karasavvidis T, Koullias G, Jabbour P. A meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing bovine pericardium and other patch materials for carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg. 2018; 68 (4): 1241–1256.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.07.023. PMID: 30244928.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morales MM, Anacleto A, Ferreira Leal JC, Greque VG, Souza AS Jr, Wolosker N. Saccular Superior Vena Cava Aneurysm: Case Report and Comprehensive Review. Ann Vasc Surg. 2021; 72: 666.e23–666.e32. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2020.10.033. PMID: 33333194.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morales MM, Anacleto A, Ferreira Leal JC, Greque VG, Souza AS Jr, Wolosker N. Saccular Superior Vena Cava Aneurysm: Case Report and Comprehensive Review. Ann Vasc Surg. 2021; 72: 666.e23–666.e32. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2020.10.033. PMID: 33333194.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Богданов ЛА, Осяев НЮ, Богданова ЮД, Мухамадияров РА, Шабаев АР, Евтушенко АВ, Кутихин АГ. Анализ топографических сценариев формирования очагов кальцификации в дисфункциональных клапанах сердца и атеросклеротических бляшках. Комплексные проблемы сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. 2021; 10 (3): 26–33. doi: 10.17802/2306-1278-2021-10-3-26-33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bogdanov LA, Osyaev NYu, Bogdanova YuD, Mukhamadiyarov RA, Shabaev AR, Evtushenko АV, Kutikhin AG. Elemental analysis of valvular and atherosclerotic calcification. Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases. 2021; 10 (3): 26–33. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17802/2306-1278-2021-10-3-26-33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kostyunin AE, Glushkova TV, Lobov AA, Ovcharenko EA, Zainullina BR, Bogdanov LA et al. Proteolytic Degradation Is a Major Contributor to Bioprosthetic Heart Valve Failure. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023; 12 (1): e028215. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.122.028215.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kostyunin AE, Glushkova TV, Lobov AA, Ovcharenko EA, Zainullina BR, Bogdanov LA et al. Proteolytic Degradation Is a Major Contributor to Bioprosthetic Heart Valve Failure. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023; 12 (1): e028215. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.122.028215.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koziarz A, Makhdoum A, Butany J, Ouzounian M, Chung J. Modes of bioprosthetic valve failure: a narrative review. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2020; 35 (2): 123–132. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000000711. PMID: 31972604.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koziarz A, Makhdoum A, Butany J, Ouzounian M, Chung J. Modes of bioprosthetic valve failure: a narrative review. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2020; 35 (2): 123–132. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000000711. PMID: 31972604.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong ML, Griffiths LG. Immunogenicity in xenogeneic scaffold generation: antigen removal vs. decellularization. Acta Biomater. 2014; 10: 1806–1816. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.01.028.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong ML, Griffiths LG. Immunogenicity in xenogeneic scaffold generation: antigen removal vs. decellularization. Acta Biomater. 2014; 10: 1806–1816. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.01.028.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu ZZ, Wong ML, Griffiths LG. Effect of bovine pericardial extracellular matrix scaffold niche on seeded human mesenchymal stem cell function. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 37089. doi: 10.1038/srep37089.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu ZZ, Wong ML, Griffiths LG. Effect of bovine pericardial extracellular matrix scaffold niche on seeded human mesenchymal stem cell function. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 37089. doi: 10.1038/srep37089.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фадеева ИС. Роль клеток реципиента и нарушения структуры тканевого матрикса в механизме кальцификации трансплантатов сосудов и клапанов сердца: дис. … канд. биол. наук. Пущино, 2013; 158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fadeeva IS. The role of recipient cells and tissue matrix structure disorders in the mechanism of calcification of vascular and heart valve transplants: diss. … Cand. of Biological Sciences. Pushchino, 2013; 158.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bailey MT, Pillarisetti S, Xiao H, Vyavahare NR. Role of elastin in pathologic calcification of xenograft heart valves. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2003; 66 (1): 93–102. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.10543. PMID: 12833435.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bailey MT, Pillarisetti S, Xiao H, Vyavahare NR. Role of elastin in pathologic calcification of xenograft heart valves. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2003; 66 (1): 93–102. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.10543. PMID: 12833435.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Millán Á, Lanzer P, Sorribas V. The Thermodynamics of Medial Vascular Calcification. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021; 9: 633465. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.633465. PMID: 33937234; PMCID: PMC8080379.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Millán Á, Lanzer P, Sorribas V. The Thermodynamics of Medial Vascular Calcification. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021; 9: 633465. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.633465. PMID: 33937234; PMCID: PMC8080379.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simionescu DT, Lovekamp JJ, Vyavahare NR. Extracellular matrix degrading enzymes are active in porcine stentless aortic bioprosthetic heart valves. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2003; 66 (4): 755–763. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.10066. PMID: 12926026.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simionescu DT, Lovekamp JJ, Vyavahare NR. Extracellular matrix degrading enzymes are active in porcine stentless aortic bioprosthetic heart valves. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2003; 66 (4): 755–763. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.10066. PMID: 12926026.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang X, Zhai W, Wu C, Ma B, Zhang J, Zhang H et al. Procyanidins-crosslinked aortic elastin scaffolds with distinctive anti-calcification and biological properties. Acta Biomater. 2015; 16: 81–93. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.01.028. PMID: 25641644.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang X, Zhai W, Wu C, Ma B, Zhang J, Zhang H et al. Procyanidins-crosslinked aortic elastin scaffolds with distinctive anti-calcification and biological properties. Acta Biomater. 2015; 16: 81–93. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.01.028. PMID: 25641644.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wen S, Zhou Y, Yim WY, Wang S, Xu L, Shi J et al. Mechanisms and Drug Therapies of Bioprosthetic Heart Valve Calcification. Front Pharmacol. 2022; 13: 909801. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.909801. PMID: 35721165; PMCID: PMC9204043.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wen S, Zhou Y, Yim WY, Wang S, Xu L, Shi J et al. Mechanisms and Drug Therapies of Bioprosthetic Heart Valve Calcification. Front Pharmacol. 2022; 13: 909801. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.909801. PMID: 35721165; PMCID: PMC9204043.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ohri R, Hahn SK, Hoffman AS, Stayton PS, Giachelli CM. Hyaluronic acid grafting mitigates calcification of glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine pericardium. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2004; 70 (2): 328–334. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.30088. PMID: 15227678.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ohri R, Hahn SK, Hoffman AS, Stayton PS, Giachelli CM. Hyaluronic acid grafting mitigates calcification of glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine pericardium. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2004; 70 (2): 328–334. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.30088. PMID: 15227678.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raghavan D, Simionescu DT, Vyavahare NR. Neomycin prevents enzyme-mediated glycosaminoglycan degradation in bioprosthetic heart valves. Biomaterials. 2007; 28 (18): 2861–2868. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.02.017. PMID: 17353047; PMCID: PMC2262162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raghavan D, Simionescu DT, Vyavahare NR. Neomycin prevents enzyme-mediated glycosaminoglycan degradation in bioprosthetic heart valves. Biomaterials. 2007; 28 (18): 2861–2868. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.02.017. PMID: 17353047; PMCID: PMC2262162.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leong J, Munnelly A, Liberio B, Cochrane L, Vyavahare N. Neomycin and carbodiimide crosslinking as an alternative to glutaraldehyde for enhanced durability of bioprosthetic heart valves. J Biomater Appl. 2013; 27 (8): 948–960. doi: 10.1177/0885328211430542. PMID: 22207605.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leong J, Munnelly A, Liberio B, Cochrane L, Vyavahare N. Neomycin and carbodiimide crosslinking as an alternative to glutaraldehyde for enhanced durability of bioprosthetic heart valves. J Biomater Appl. 2013; 27 (8): 948–960. doi: 10.1177/0885328211430542. PMID: 22207605.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lei Y, Ning Q, Xia Y, Wang Y. Enzyme-oxidative-polymerization method for improving glycosaminoglycans stability and reducing calcification in bioprosthetic heart valves. Biomed Mater. 2019; 14 (2): 025012. doi: 10.1088/1748-605X/aafd7c. PMID: 30630147.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lei Y, Ning Q, Xia Y, Wang Y. Enzyme-oxidative-polymerization method for improving glycosaminoglycans stability and reducing calcification in bioprosthetic heart valves. Biomed Mater. 2019; 14 (2): 025012. doi: 10.1088/1748-605X/aafd7c. PMID: 30630147.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cravedi P, Farouk S, Angeletti A, Edgar L, Tamburrini R, Duisit J et al. Regenerative immunology: the immunological reaction to biomaterials. Transpl Int. 2017; 30 (12): 1199–1208. doi: 10.1111/tri.13068. PMID: 28892571; PMCID: PMC6697146.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cravedi P, Farouk S, Angeletti A, Edgar L, Tamburrini R, Duisit J et al. Regenerative immunology: the immunological reaction to biomaterials. Transpl Int. 2017; 30 (12): 1199–1208. doi: 10.1111/tri.13068. PMID: 28892571; PMCID: PMC6697146.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghadially FN. As you like it, Part 3: A critique and historical review of calcification as seen with the electron microscope. Ultrastruct Pathol. 2001; 25 (3): 243–267. doi: 10.1080/019131201300343874. PMID: 11465480.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghadially FN. As you like it, Part 3: A critique and historical review of calcification as seen with the electron microscope. Ultrastruct Pathol. 2001; 25 (3): 243–267. doi: 10.1080/019131201300343874. PMID: 11465480.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boskey AL, Posner AS. Extraction of a calcium-phospholipid-phosphate complex from bone. Calcif Tissue Res. 1976; 19 (4): 273–283. doi: 10.1007/BF02564010. PMID: 3268.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boskey AL, Posner AS. Extraction of a calcium-phospholipid-phosphate complex from bone. Calcif Tissue Res. 1976; 19 (4): 273–283. doi: 10.1007/BF02564010. PMID: 3268.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neishabouri A, Khaboushan AS, Daghigh F, Kajbafzadeh AM, Zolbin MM. Decellularization in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: Evaluation, Modification, and Application Methods. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022; 10: 805299. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.805299.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neishabouri A, Khaboushan AS, Daghigh F, Kajbafzadeh AM, Zolbin MM. Decellularization in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: Evaluation, Modification, and Application Methods. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022; 10: 805299. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.805299.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coscas R, Bensussan M, Jacob MP, Louedec L, Massy Z, Sadoine J et al. Free DNA precipitates calcium phosphate apatite crystals in the arterial wall in vivo. Atherosclerosis. 2017; 259: 60–67. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.03.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coscas R, Bensussan M, Jacob MP, Louedec L, Massy Z, Sadoine J et al. Free DNA precipitates calcium phosphate apatite crystals in the arterial wall in vivo. Atherosclerosis. 2017; 259: 60–67. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.03.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глушкова ТВ, Костюнин АЕ. Структура кальцификатов в биопротезах клапанов сердца, консервированных диглицидиловым эфиром этиленгликоля. Комплексные проблемы сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. 2021; 10 (2): 16–24. doi: 10.17802/2306-1278-2021-10-2-16-24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glushkova TV, Kostyunin AE. Calcification of bioprosthetic heart valves treated with ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether. Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases. 2021; 10 (2): 16–24. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17802/2306-1278-2021-10-2-16-24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лилли РД. Патогистологическая техника и практическая гистохимия. М.: МИР, 1969; 645.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lilly RD. Pathohistological technique and practical histochemistry. Moscow: MIR, 1969; 645.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
