<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vtio</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник трансплантологии и искусственных органов</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1995-1191</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Academician V.I.Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs", Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15825/1995-1191-2024-3-159-167</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vtio-1796</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Трансплантомика</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Transplantomics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Галектин‑3 у реципиентов с дисфункцией трансплантированной почки: анализ прогностической значимости</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Galectin-3 in recipients with kidney graft dysfunction: analysis of predictive significance</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Великий</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Velikiy</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Великий Дмитрий Алексеевич</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dim_vel@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шарапченко</surname><given-names>С. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharapchenko</surname><given-names>S. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шарапченко Софья Олеговна - к.б.н., научный сотрудник отдела регуляторных механизмов в трансплантологии</p><p>123182, Москва, ул. Щукинская, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sofia О. Sharapchenko</p><p>1, Shchukinskaya str., Moscow, 123182</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Nyashka1512@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гичкун</surname><given-names>О. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gichkun</surname><given-names>O. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гичкун Ольга Евгеньевна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gichkunoe@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Столяревич</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stolyarevich</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Столяревич Екатерина Сергеевна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">stolyarevich@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сайдулаев</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Saydulaev</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сайдулаев Джабраил Азизович</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sdzhabrail@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Особливая</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Osoblivaya</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Особливая Мария Александровна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">osoblivaya-91@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мамедова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamedova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мамедова Анастасия Алексеевна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">doc.mamedovaaa@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевченко</surname><given-names>О. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shevchenko</surname><given-names>O. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шевченко Ольга Павловна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">transplant2009@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр трансплантологии и искусственных органов имени академика В.И. Шумакова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр трансплантологии и искусственных органов имени академика В.И. Шумакова» Минздрава России;&#13;
ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs;&#13;
Sechenov University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>159</fpage><lpage>167</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Великий Д.А., Шарапченко С.О., Гичкун О.Е., Столяревич Е.С., Сайдулаев Д.А., Особливая М.А., Мамедова А.А., Шевченко О.П., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Великий Д.А., Шарапченко С.О., Гичкун О.Е., Столяревич Е.С., Сайдулаев Д.А., Особливая М.А., Мамедова А.А., Шевченко О.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Velikiy D.A., Sharapchenko S.O., Gichkun O.E., Stolyarevich E.S., Saydulaev D.A., Osoblivaya M.A., Mamedova A.A., Shevchenko O.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.transpl.ru/vtio/article/view/1796">https://journal.transpl.ru/vtio/article/view/1796</self-uri><abstract><p>Одной из актуальных задач современной трансплантологии остается поиск методов малоинвазивной диагностики осложнений, возникающих у реципиентов после трансплантации солидных органов. Профиброгенный фактор галектин-3 относится к числу потенциальных индикаторов таких осложнений. Предполагается возможность его участия в процессах регуляции при физиологических и патологических состояниях, особое значение галектин-3 имеет при развитии заболеваний, связанных с хроническим воспалением и фиброзом.</p><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: оценка прогностической значимости галектина-3, определяемого в сыворотке крови реципиентов, при патологии трансплантированной почки.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В исследование включены 138 реципиентов почки в возрасте от 5 до 68 лет и группа здоровых лиц (n = 11). Определение уровня галектина-3 осуществлялось в сыворотке крови реципиентов иммуноферментным методом.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Среди реципиентов почки у 91 пациента была выявлена дисфункция трансплантированной почки по лабораторным и клиническим данным, что послужило показанием к выполнению биопсии трансплантата с морфологическим исследованием образцов. У реципиентов почки уровень галектина-3 достоверно отличался и был выше, чем у здоровых лиц, p = 0,017; не коррелировал с большинством параметров анализа крови, однако имела место обратная корреляция с СКФ трансплантата (r = –0,174; p = 0,043). Уровень галектина-3 не зависел от концентрации такролимуса в крови реципиентов. У реципиентов почки с дисфункцией трансплантата при сравнении с реципиентами без таковой имели место значимо более высокие уровни галектина-3 (р = 0,0003). Сравнительный анализ достоверно показал более высокие уровни галектина-3 у реципиентов с ACR (р = 0,005), AMR (р = 0,016) и СNI-нефротоксичностью (р = 0,006) в сравнении с реципиентами без дисфункции. Отмечена тенденция более высокого уровня галектина-3 у реципиентов с признаками нефротоксичности ингибиторов кальциневрина по сравнению с реципиентами с дисфункцией трансплантата другой этиологии (р = 0,08). У реципиентов почки с уровнем галектина-3, превышающим рассчитанное пороговое значение 7,63 нг/мл, риск развития хронической дисфункции трансплантата и/или потребности в гемодиализе в 2,89 раза выше по сравнению с остальными реципиентами почки (RR = 2,89 ± 0,46 [95% ДИ 1,17–7,11]) при показателях чувствительности 76,2% и специфичности 56,1% теста.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Пороговый уровень галектина-3 в сыворотке крови реципиентов почки может рассматриваться в качестве прогностического индикатора в отношении развития неблагоприятного исхода состояния трансплантата (хроническая дисфункция трансплантата и/или потребность в заместительной почечной терапии).</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>One of the most pressing issues in contemporary transplantology is the ongoing search for less invasive methods that would identify potential complications that recipients of solid organ transplants may encounter. Profibrogenic factor galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a potential marker of such complications. It is presumed that it may be involved in regulatory processes in both physiological and pathological conditions; Gal-3 is of particular importance in diseases associated with chronic inflammation and fibrosis.</p><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to assess the predictive significance of Gal-3, determined in the recipients’ serum, in the pathology of a transplanted kidney.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study included 138 kidney recipients aged from 5 to 68 years and a group of healthy individuals (n = 11). Recipients’ serum Gal-3 levels were measured by immunoenzymatic method.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Among the kidney recipients, 91 patients had kidney graft dysfunction according to laboratory and clinical data, which served as an indication to perform a graft biopsy with morphologic examination of the samples. In kidney recipients, Gal-3 levels were significantly different and higher than in healthy individuals, p = 0.017; it did not correlate with most blood test parameters, but there was an inverse correlation with graft glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (r = –0.174; p = 0.043). Recipients’ Gal-3 levels were independent of their tacrolimus blood levels. Kidney recipients with graft dysfunction had considerably higher Gal-3 levels (p = 0.0003) compared to those without. Comparative analysis significantly showed higher Gal-3 concentrations in recipients with acute cellular rejection (ACR, p = 0.005), antibody-mediated rejection (AMR, p = 0.016) and сalcineurin inhibitor (CNI) nephrotoxicity (p = 0.006) compared to recipients without dysfunction. Recipients with signs of CNI nephrotoxicity tended to have higher Gal-3 levels when compared to recipients with graft dysfunction of other etiology (p = 0.08). Kidney recipients with Gal-3 levels above the calculated threshold value of 7.63 ng/mL had a 2.89-fold higher risk of developing chronic graft dysfunction and/or requiring hemodialysis compared with the rest of the kidney recipients (RR = 2.89 ± 0.46 [95% CI 1.17–7.11]), with 76.2% sensitivity and 56.1% specificity of the test.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The threshold serum Gal-3 level in kidney recipients can be considered a predictor of an unfavorable graft outcome (chronic graft dysfunction and/or a need for renal replacement therapy).</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>галектин-3</kwd><kwd>трансплантация почки</kwd><kwd>патология трансплантата</kwd><kwd>неинвазивная диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>galectin-3</kwd><kwd>kidney transplantation</kwd><kwd>graft disease</kwd><kwd>non-invasive diagnosis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках государственного задания</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Azegami T, Kounoue N, Sofue T, Yazawa M, Tsujita M, Masutani K et al. Efficacy of pre-emptive kidney transplantation for adults with end-stage kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ren Fail. 2023; 45 (1): 2169618.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Azegami T, Kounoue N, Sofue T, Yazawa M, Tsujita M, Masutani K et al. Efficacy of pre-emptive kidney transplantation for adults with end-stage kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ren Fail. 2023; 45 (1): 2169618.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saran R, Robinson B, Abbott KC, Agodoa LYC, BraggGresham J, Balkrishnan R et al. US Renal Data System 2018 Annual Data Report: epidemiology of RENAL FAILURE 13 kidney disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis. 2019; 73 (3 Suppl. 1): A7–A8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saran R, Robinson B, Abbott KC, Agodoa LYC, BraggGresham J, Balkrishnan R et al. US Renal Data System 2018 Annual Data Report: epidemiology of RENAL FAILURE 13 kidney disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis. 2019; 73 (3 Suppl. 1): A7–A8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ku E, McCulloch CE, Ahearn P, Grimes BA, Mitsnefes MM. Trends in cardiovascular mortality among a cohort of children and young adults starting dialysis in 1995 to 2015. JAMA Netw Open. 2020; 3 (9): e2016197.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ku E, McCulloch CE, Ahearn P, Grimes BA, Mitsnefes MM. Trends in cardiovascular mortality among a cohort of children and young adults starting dialysis in 1995 to 2015. JAMA Netw Open. 2020; 3 (9): e2016197.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Jager DJ, Grootendorst DC, Jager KJ, van Dijk PC, Tomas LM, Ansell D et al. Cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality among patients starting dialysis. JAMA. 2009; 302 (16): 1782–1789.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Jager DJ, Grootendorst DC, Jager KJ, van Dijk PC, Tomas LM, Ansell D et al. Cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality among patients starting dialysis. JAMA. 2009; 302 (16): 1782–1789.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Knoll G, Bello A, Browne S, Jadhav D et al. Systematic review: kidney transplantation compared with dialysis in clinically relevant outcomes. Am J Transplant. 2011; 11 (10): 2093–2109.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Knoll G, Bello A, Browne S, Jadhav D et al. Systematic review: kidney transplantation compared with dialysis in clinically relevant outcomes. Am J Transplant. 2011; 11 (10): 2093–2109.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong G, Howard K, Chapman JR, Chadban S, Cross N, Tong A et al. Comparative survival and economic benefits of deceased donor kidney transplantation and dialysis in people with varying ages and co-morbidities. PLoS One. 2012; 7 (1): e29591.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong G, Howard K, Chapman JR, Chadban S, Cross N, Tong A et al. Comparative survival and economic benefits of deceased donor kidney transplantation and dialysis in people with varying ages and co-morbidities. PLoS One. 2012; 7 (1): e29591.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wyld M, Morton RL, Hayen A, Howard K, Webster AC. A systematic review and meta-analysis of utility-based quality of life in chronic kidney disease treatments. PLoS Med. 2012; 9 (9): e1001307.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wyld M, Morton RL, Hayen A, Howard K, Webster AC. A systematic review and meta-analysis of utility-based quality of life in chronic kidney disease treatments. PLoS Med. 2012; 9 (9): e1001307.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Великий ДА, Особливая МА, Шевченко ОП. Галектин 3 у реципиентов солидных органов: роль в развитии патологии трансплантата и перспективы применения. Вестник трансплантологии и искусственных органов. 2023; 25 (2): 129–139.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Velikiy DA, Osoblivaya MA, Shevchenko OP. Galectin 3 in solid organ recipients: role in graft pathology and prospects for use. Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs. 2023; 25 (2): 129–139. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park S, Nguyen NB, Pezhouman A, Ardehali R. Cardiac fibrosis: potential therapeutic targets. Transl Res. 2019; 209: 121–137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park S, Nguyen NB, Pezhouman A, Ardehali R. Cardiac fibrosis: potential therapeutic targets. Transl Res. 2019; 209: 121–137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шевченко ОП, Улыбышева АА, Можейко НП, Гичкун ОЕ, Стаханова ЕА, Васильева ВП, Шевченко АО. Диагностическая значимость галектина 3 при патологии миокарда трансплантированного сердца. Вестник трансплантологии и искусственных органов. 2020; 22 (1): 8–15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shevchenko OP, Ulybysheva AA, Mozheiko NP, Gichkun OE, Stakhanova EA, Vasilieva VP, Shevchenko AO. Diagnostic value of galectin 3 in heart transplant recipients with myocardial complications. Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs. 2020; 22 (1): 8–15. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shevchenko O, Tsirulnikova O, Sharapchenko S, Pashkov I, Bekov M, Shigaev E et al. MiR 339 and galectin 3: diagnostic value in patients with airway obstruction after lung transplantation. Transpl Int. 2021; 34 (9): 1733– 1739.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shevchenko O, Tsirulnikova O, Sharapchenko S, Pashkov I, Bekov M, Shigaev E et al. MiR 339 and galectin 3: diagnostic value in patients with airway obstruction after lung transplantation. Transpl Int. 2021; 34 (9): 1733– 1739.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cervantes-Alvarez E, Limon-de la Rosa N, Vilatoba M, Pérez-Monter C, Hurtado-Gomez S, Martinez-Cabrera C et al. Galectin 3 is overexpressed in advanced cirrhosis and predicts post-liver transplant infectious complications. Liver Int. 2022; 42 (10): 2260–2273.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cervantes-Alvarez E, Limon-de la Rosa N, Vilatoba M, Pérez-Monter C, Hurtado-Gomez S, Martinez-Cabrera C et al. Galectin 3 is overexpressed in advanced cirrhosis and predicts post-liver transplant infectious complications. Liver Int. 2022; 42 (10): 2260–2273.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dang Z, MacKinnon A, Marson LP, Sethi T. Tubular Atrophy and Interstitial Fibrosis after Renal Transplantation Is Dependent on Galectin 3. Transplantation. 2012; 93 (5): 477–484.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dang Z, MacKinnon A, Marson LP, Sethi T. Tubular Atrophy and Interstitial Fibrosis after Renal Transplantation Is Dependent on Galectin 3. Transplantation. 2012; 93 (5): 477–484.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buscher K, Rixen R, Schütz P, Hüchtmann B, Van Marck V, Heitplatz B et al. Plasma protein signatures reflect systemic immunity and allograft function in kidney transplantation. Transl Res. 2023; 262: 35–43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buscher K, Rixen R, Schütz P, Hüchtmann B, Van Marck V, Heitplatz B et al. Plasma protein signatures reflect systemic immunity and allograft function in kidney transplantation. Transl Res. 2023; 262: 35–43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vanhove T, Goldschmeding R, Kuypers D. Kidney Fibrosis: Origins and Interventions. Transplantation. 2017; 101 (4): 713–726.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vanhove T, Goldschmeding R, Kuypers D. Kidney Fibrosis: Origins and Interventions. Transplantation. 2017; 101 (4): 713–726.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loga L, Dican L, Matei HV, Mărunțelu I, Constantinescu I. Relevant biomarkers of kidney allograft rejection. J Med Life. 2022; 15 (11): 1330–1333.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loga L, Dican L, Matei HV, Mărunțelu I, Constantinescu I. Relevant biomarkers of kidney allograft rejection. J Med Life. 2022; 15 (11): 1330–1333.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loupy A, Mengel M, Haas M. Thirty years of the International Banff Classification for Allograft Pathology: the past, present, and future of kidney transplant diagnostics. Kidney Int. 2022; 101 (4): 678–691.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loupy A, Mengel M, Haas M. Thirty years of the International Banff Classification for Allograft Pathology: the past, present, and future of kidney transplant diagnostics. Kidney Int. 2022; 101 (4): 678–691.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Slack RJ, Mills R, Mackinnon AC. The Therapeutic Potential of Galectin 3 Inhibition in Fibrotic Disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2021; 130: 105881.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Slack RJ, Mills R, Mackinnon AC. The Therapeutic Potential of Galectin 3 Inhibition in Fibrotic Disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2021; 130: 105881.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saccon F, Gatto M, Ghirardello A, Iaccarino L, Punzi L, Doria A. Role of galectin 3 in autoimmune and non-autoimmune nephropathies. Autoimmun Rev. 2017; 16 (1): 34–47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saccon F, Gatto M, Ghirardello A, Iaccarino L, Punzi L, Doria A. Role of galectin 3 in autoimmune and non-autoimmune nephropathies. Autoimmun Rev. 2017; 16 (1): 34–47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calvier L, Martinez-Martinez E, Miana M, Cachofeiro V, Rousseau E, Sádaba JR et al. The impact of galectin 3 inhibition on aldosterone-induced cardiac and renal injuries. JACC Heart Fail. 2015; 3 (1): 59–67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calvier L, Martinez-Martinez E, Miana M, Cachofeiro V, Rousseau E, Sádaba JR et al. The impact of galectin 3 inhibition on aldosterone-induced cardiac and renal injuries. JACC Heart Fail. 2015; 3 (1): 59–67.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alam ML, Katz R, Bellovich KA, Bhat ZY, Brosius FC, de Boer IH et al. Soluble ST2 and Galectin 3 and Progression of CKD. Kidney Int Rep. 2018; 4 (1): 103–111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alam ML, Katz R, Bellovich KA, Bhat ZY, Brosius FC, de Boer IH et al. Soluble ST2 and Galectin 3 and Progression of CKD. Kidney Int Rep. 2018; 4 (1): 103–111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hsu BG, Wang CH, Lai YH, Tsai JP. Serum Galectin 3 Level Is Positively Associated with Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 to 5. Toxins (Basel). 2021; 13 (8): 532.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hsu BG, Wang CH, Lai YH, Tsai JP. Serum Galectin 3 Level Is Positively Associated with Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 to 5. Toxins (Basel). 2021; 13 (8): 532.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bentata Y. Tacrolimus: 20 years of use in adult kidney transplantation. What we should know about its nephrotoxicity. Artif Organs. 2020; 44 (2): 140–152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bentata Y. Tacrolimus: 20 years of use in adult kidney transplantation. What we should know about its nephrotoxicity. Artif Organs. 2020; 44 (2): 140–152.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ou SM, Tsai MT, Chen HY, Li FA, Tseng WC, Lee KH et al. Identification of Galectin 3 as Potential Biomarkers for Renal Fibrosis by RNA-Sequencing and Clinicopathologic Findings of Kidney Biopsy. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021; 8: 748225.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ou SM, Tsai MT, Chen HY, Li FA, Tseng WC, Lee KH et al. Identification of Galectin 3 as Potential Biomarkers for Renal Fibrosis by RNA-Sequencing and Clinicopathologic Findings of Kidney Biopsy. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021; 8: 748225.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
