<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vtio</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник трансплантологии и искусственных органов</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1995-1191</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Academician V.I.Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs", Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15825/1995-1191-2022-2-71-82</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vtio-1482</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Регенеративная медицина и клеточные технологии</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Regenerative Medicine and Cell Technologies</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Тестирование гидрогеля p-HEMA в качестве имплантационного материала для замещения костно-хрящевых дефектов у животных</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Testing of the pHEMA hydrogel as an implantation material for replacement of osteochondral defects in animals</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макарова</surname><given-names>Э. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarova</surname><given-names>E. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">emilia1907@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корч</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korch</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mariakorch@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фадеев</surname><given-names>Ф. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fadeyev</surname><given-names>F. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fdf79@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Близнец</surname><given-names>Д. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bliznets</surname><given-names>D. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">danil_bliznets@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бугаёва</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bugayova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bantonina1998@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шкляр</surname><given-names>Т. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shklyar</surname><given-names>T. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">t.f.shkliar@urfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сафронов</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Safronov</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexsaf60@icloud.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нохрин</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nokhrin</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Nohrin.kostia@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бляхман</surname><given-names>Ф. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Blyakhman</surname><given-names>F. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бляхман Феликс Абрамович</p><p>620068, Екатеринбург, ул. Репина, д. 3Тел. (343) 214-86-96</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Felix Blyakhman</p><p>3, Repin str., Ekaterinburg, 620028Phone: (343) 214-86-96</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">feliks.blyakhman@urfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России; ГАУЗ «Уральский институт травматологии и ортопедии имени В.Д. Чаклина» Минздрава Свердловской области</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural State Medical University; Chaklin Ural Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный аграрный университет» Минсельхоза России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural State Agrarian University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России; ГАУЗ «Институт медицинских клеточных технологий» Минздрава Свердловской области</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural State Medical University; Institute of Medical Cell Technology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГАУЗ «Уральский институт травматологии и ортопедии имени В.Д. Чаклина» Минздрава Свердловской области</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Chaklin Ural Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России; ФГАОУ ВО «Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина» Минобрнауки России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural State Medical University; Ural Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-6"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина» Минобрнауки России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>71</fpage><lpage>82</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Макарова Э.Б., Корч М.А., Фадеев Ф.А., Близнец Д.Г., Бугаёва А.В., Шкляр Т.Ф., Сафронов А.П., Нохрин К.А., Бляхман Ф.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Макарова Э.Б., Корч М.А., Фадеев Ф.А., Близнец Д.Г., Бугаёва А.В., Шкляр Т.Ф., Сафронов А.П., Нохрин К.А., Бляхман Ф.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Makarova E.B., Korch M.A., Fadeyev F.A., Bliznets D.G., Bugayova A.V., Shklyar T.F., Safronov A.P., Nokhrin K.A., Blyakhman F.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.transpl.ru/vtio/article/view/1482">https://journal.transpl.ru/vtio/article/view/1482</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования. В экспериментах на животных оценить особенности репаративного хондрогенеза и остеогенеза при имплантации пористого поли-2-гидроксиэтилметакрилатного (p-HEMA) гидрогеля в костно-хрящевые дефекты. Материалы и методы. Имплантаты p-HEMA цилиндрической формы (5 мм в диаметре) были синтезированы методом радикальной полимеризации. Световая микроскопия и механические испытания имплантатов были применены для характеристики структуры и вязкоупругих свойств материала. В опытной серии № 1 четыре образца p-HEMA были имплантированы в сформированные дефекты дистальных эпиметафизов бедренных костей кроликов. В опытной серии № 2 перед имплантацией на поверхность четырех образцов были нанесены аллогенные хондроциты. В контрольной серии четыре дефекта не замещали имплантатами. Регенерация тканей была исследована морфологическим и морфометрическим методами через 30 дней после операции. Результаты. Имплантаты p-HEMA представляли собой неоднородные по структуре образцы с порами неправильной формы до 30 × 10 мкм у поверхности и до 300 × 120 мкм внутри. При статических компрессионных деформациях образцов более 10% модуль Юнга был равен 54,7 кПа. При динамических деформациях увеличение частоты циклов «сжатие–расслабление» от 0,01 до 20,0 Гц приводило к возрастанию модуля накопления в среднем с 20 до 38 кПа, а модуля потерь – с 2 до 10 кПа. Показатели полуколичественной оценки местной воспалительной реакции на имплантацию р-HEMA имели следующие значения в баллах: p-HEMA – 4,7 ± 0,3; p-HEMA с аллогенными хондроцитами – 6,0 ± 1,0; контроль – 4,3 ± 0,3. Соотношения собственно соединительной, костной и хрящевой тканей в составе регенератов имели следующие соответствующие значения: p-HEMA – 79, 20, 1%; p-HEMA с хондроцитами – 82, 16, 2%; контроль – 9, 74, 17%. Заключение. В краткосрочном эксперименте имплантаты p-HEMA не вызывали выраженной воспалительной реакции в прилежащих тканях и могут быть отнесены к биосовместимым материалам. Вместе с тем тестируемые имплантаты имели низкую кондуктивность для клеток костной и хрящевой тканей, которая может быть повышена за счет стабилизации размера пор и увеличения жесткости при синтезе материала.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective: to evaluate the features of reparative chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in animal experiments with the implantation of porous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) hydrogel into osteochondral defects. Materials and methods. Cylindrical pHEMA implants (5 mm in diameter) were synthesized by radical polymerization. The implants were subjected to light microscopy and mechanical tests to characterize the structure and viscoelastic properties of the material. In experimental group #1, four pHEMA specimens were implanted into formed defects in the distal femoral epiphysis of rabbits. In experimental group #2, allogeneic chondrocytes were applied to the surface of four specimens before implantation. In the control series, four defects were not replaced with implants. Tissue regeneration was investigated by morphological and morphometric methods 30 days after operation. Results. The pHEMA implants were heterogeneous specimens with irregularly shaped pores – up to 30 × 10 μm at the surface and 300 × 120 μm inside. With &gt;10% static compressive stress, the Young’s modulus was 54.7 kPa. For dynamic stress, increased frequency of compression-relaxation cycles from 0.01 Hz to 20.0 Hz led to increased storage modulus from 20 kPa to 38 kPa on average, and increased loss modulus from 2 kPa to 10 kPa. Indicators of semi-quantitative assessment of local inflammatory response to pHEMA implantation had the following values in points: pHEMA, 4.7 ± 0.3; pHEMA with allogeneic chondrocytes, 6.0 ± 1.0; control, 4.3 ± 0.3. The ratio of connective, bone, and cartilage tissues proper in the regenerates had the following respective values: pHEMA, 79%, 20%, 1%; pHEMA with chondrocytes, 82%, 16%, 2%; control, 9%, 74%, 17%. Conclusion. In a short-term experiment, pHEMA implants did not trigger a pronounced inflammatory response in the surrounding tissues and can be classified as biocompatible materials. However, the tested implants had low conductivity with respect to bone and cartilage cells, which can be improved by stabilizing the pore size and increasing the rigidity when synthesizing the material.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>костно­-хрящевые дефекты</kwd><kwd>имплантаты</kwd><kwd>гидрогель p­-HEMA</kwd><kwd>физические свойства</kwd><kwd>биосовместимость</kwd><kwd>хрящевая ткань</kwd><kwd>костная ткань</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>osteochondral defects</kwd><kwd>implants</kwd><kwd>pHEMA hydrogel</kwd><kwd>physical properties</kwd><kwd>biocompatibility</kwd><kwd>cartilage tissue</kwd><kwd>bone tissue</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Государственного задания Минздрава РФ (№ 121032300335­1).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang S, Guo W, Tian G, Luo X., Peng L, Liu S et al. Clinical Application Status of Articular Cartilage Regeneration Techniques: Tissue-Engineered Cartilage Brings New Hope. Stem Cells International. 2020; ID 5690252, 16 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5690252.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang S, Guo W, Tian G, Luo X., Peng L, Liu S et al. Clinical Application Status of Articular Cartilage Regeneration Techniques: Tissue-Engineered Cartilage Brings New Hope. Stem Cells International. 2020; ID 5690252, 16 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5690252.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hangody L, Kish G, Kárpáti Z, Udvarhelyi I, Szigeti I, Bély M. Mosaicplasty for the treatment of articular cartilage defects: application in clinical practice. Orthopedics. 1998; 21 (7): 751–756. PMID: 9672912.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hangody L, Kish G, Kárpáti Z, Udvarhelyi I, Szigeti I, Bély M. Mosaicplasty for the treatment of articular cartilage defects: application in clinical practice. Orthopedics. 1998; 21 (7): 751–756. PMID: 9672912.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benthien JP, Behrens P. Autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC): a one-step procedure for retropatellar articular resurfacing. Acta Orthop Belg. 2010; 76 (2): 260–263. PMID: 20503954.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benthien JP, Behrens P. Autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC): a one-step procedure for retropatellar articular resurfacing. Acta Orthop Belg. 2010; 76 (2): 260–263. PMID: 20503954.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davies RL, Kuiper NJ. Regenerative Medicine: A Review of the Evolution of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI) Therapy. Bioengineering (Basel). 2019; 6 (1): 22. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering6010022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davies RL, Kuiper NJ. Regenerative Medicine: A Review of the Evolution of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI) Therapy. Bioengineering (Basel). 2019; 6 (1): 22. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering6010022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Behrens P, Bitter T, Kurz B, Russlies M. Matrix associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation: a 5 year follow up. Knee. 2006; 13 (3): 194–202. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2006.02.012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Behrens P, Bitter T, Kurz B, Russlies M. Matrix associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation: a 5 year follow up. Knee. 2006; 13 (3): 194–202. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2006.02.012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park YB, Ha CW, Rhim JH, Lee HJ. Stem Cell Therapy for Articular Cartilage Repair: Review of the Entity of Cell Populations Used and the Result of the Clinical Application of Each Entity. The American journal of sports medicine. 2018; 46 (10): 2540–2552. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546517729152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park YB, Ha CW, Rhim JH, Lee HJ. Stem Cell Therapy for Articular Cartilage Repair: Review of the Entity of Cell Populations Used and the Result of the Clinical Application of Each Entity. The American journal of sports medicine. 2018; 46 (10): 2540–2552. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546517729152.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Герасимов СА, Тенилин НА, Корыткин АА, Зыкин АА. Хирургическое лечение ограниченных повреждений суставной поверхности: современное состояние вопроса. Политравма. 2016; 1: 63–69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gerasimov SA, Tenilin NA, Korytkin AA, Zykin AA. Surgical treatment of localized injuries to articular surface: the current state of the issue. Polytrauma. 2016; 1: 63–69.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dobreikina A, Shklyar T, Safronov A, Blyakhman F. Biomimetic gels with chemical and physical interpenetrating networks. Polym Int. 2018; 67: 1330–1334. doi 10.1002/pi.5608.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobreikina A, Shklyar T, Safronov A, Blyakhman F. Biomimetic gels with chemical and physical interpenetrating networks. Polym Int. 2018; 67: 1330–1334. doi 10.1002/pi.5608.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tejo-Otero A, Fenollosa-Artés F, Achaerandio I, ReyVinolas S, Buj-Corral I, Mateos-Timoneda MÁ et al. Soft-Tissue-Mimicking Using Hydrogels for the Development of Phantoms. Gels. 2022; 8: 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8010040/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tejo-Otero A, Fenollosa-Artés F, Achaerandio I, ReyVinolas S, Buj-Corral I, Mateos-Timoneda MÁ et al. Soft-Tissue-Mimicking Using Hydrogels for the Development of Phantoms. Gels. 2022; 8: 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8010040/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mokry J, Karbanova J, Lukas J, Paleckova V, Dvorankova B. Biocompatibility of HEMA copolymers designed for treatment of CNS diseases with polymer-encapsulated cells. Biotechnol Prog. 2020; 16: 897–904.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mokry J, Karbanova J, Lukas J, Paleckova V, Dvorankova B. Biocompatibility of HEMA copolymers designed for treatment of CNS diseases with polymer-encapsulated cells. Biotechnol Prog. 2020; 16: 897–904.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rotaru I, Olaru. Mechanical behaviour of p(HEMA) hydrogel for disc prosthesis on lumbar spine. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials. 2014; 16 (7–8): 881–886.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rotaru I, Olaru. Mechanical behaviour of p(HEMA) hydrogel for disc prosthesis on lumbar spine. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials. 2014; 16 (7–8): 881–886.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kubinová Š, Horák D, Hejcl A, Plichta Z, Kotek J, Proks V et al. SIKVAV-modified highly superporous PHEMA scaffolds with oriented pores for spinal cord injury repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2015; 9: 1298–1309.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kubinová Š, Horák D, Hejcl A, Plichta Z, Kotek J, Proks V et al. SIKVAV-modified highly superporous PHEMA scaffolds with oriented pores for spinal cord injury repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2015; 9: 1298–1309.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cao J, Liu Z, Zhang L, Li J, Wang H, Li X. Advance of Electroconductive Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications in Orthopedics. Advances in Materials Science &amp; Engineering. 2021; 1–13. doi: 10.1155/2021/6668209.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cao J, Liu Z, Zhang L, Li J, Wang H, Li X. Advance of Electroconductive Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications in Orthopedics. Advances in Materials Science &amp; Engineering. 2021; 1–13. doi: 10.1155/2021/6668209.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoffman AS. Hydrogels for biomedical applications. Adv Drug Deliver Rev. 2012; 64: 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoffman AS. Hydrogels for biomedical applications. Adv Drug Deliver Rev. 2012; 64: 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kukolevska JS, Gerashchenko II, Borysenko MV, Pakhlov EM, Machovsky M, YushchenkoTI. Synthesis and Examination of Nanocomposites Based on Poly(2hydroxyethyl methacrylate) for Medicinal Use. Nanoscale Research Letters. 2017; 12: 133. doi 10.1186/s11671-017-1881-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kukolevska JS, Gerashchenko II, Borysenko MV, Pakhlov EM, Machovsky M, YushchenkoTI. Synthesis and Examination of Nanocomposites Based on Poly(2hydroxyethyl methacrylate) for Medicinal Use. Nanoscale Research Letters. 2017; 12: 133. doi 10.1186/s11671-017-1881-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blyakhman FA, Safronov AP, Makeyev OG, Melekhhin VV, Shklyar TF, Zubarev AYu et al. Effect of the polyacrylamide ferrogel elasticity on the cell adhesiveness to magnetic composite. J Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, 2018; 18 (6): 1850060 (13 pages) https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219519418500604.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blyakhman FA, Safronov AP, Makeyev OG, Melekhhin VV, Shklyar TF, Zubarev AYu et al. Effect of the polyacrylamide ferrogel elasticity on the cell adhesiveness to magnetic composite. J Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, 2018; 18 (6): 1850060 (13 pages) https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219519418500604.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blyakhman FA, Makarova EB, Fadeyev FA, Lugovets DV, Safronov AP, Shabadrov PA et al. The Contribution of Magnetic Nanoparticles to Ferrogel Biophysical Properties. Nanomaterials. 2019; 9: 232. doi: 10.3390/nano9020232.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blyakhman FA, Makarova EB, Fadeyev FA, Lugovets DV, Safronov AP, Shabadrov PA et al. The Contribution of Magnetic Nanoparticles to Ferrogel Biophysical Properties. Nanomaterials. 2019; 9: 232. doi: 10.3390/nano9020232.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karpushkin E, Dušková-Smrčková M, Šlouf M, Dusek K. Rheology and porosity control of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels. Polymer 2013; 54: 661–672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2012.11.055.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karpushkin E, Dušková-Smrčková M, Šlouf M, Dusek K. Rheology and porosity control of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels. Polymer 2013; 54: 661–672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2012.11.055.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ступина ТА, Петровская НВ, Степанов МА. Изучение регенерации хрящевой и костной ткани при моделировании щелевидного костно-хрящевого дефекта пателлярной поверхности мыщелков бедра в эксперименте. Международный журнал прикладных и фундаментальных исследований. 2015; 5-1: 68–71. URL: https://applied-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=6764.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stupina TA, Petrovskaia NV, Stepanov MA. Study regeneration of cartilage and bone tissue in modeling slitshaped osteochondral defects patellar femoral condyle surface in experiment. International Journal of applied and fundamental research. 2015; 5-1: 68–71. URL: https://applied-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=6764.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГОСТ РИСО 10993.6-2011 Изделия медицинские. Оценка биологического действия медицинских изделий. Часть 6. Исследования местного действия после имплантации.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GOST RISO 10993.6-2011 Izdeliya meditsinskie. Otsenka biologicheskogo deystviya meditsinskikh izdeliy. Chast’ 6. Issledovaniya mestnogo deystviya posle implantatsii.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fung YC, Cowin SC. Biomechanics. Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 1994; 61 (4): 1007. doi: 10.1115/1.2901550.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fung YC, Cowin SC. Biomechanics. Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 1994; 61 (4): 1007. doi: 10.1115/1.2901550.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen L, Yan C, Zheng Z. Functional polymer surfaces for controlling cell behaviors. Materials Today. 2018; 21 (1): 38–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2017.07.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen L, Yan C, Zheng Z. Functional polymer surfaces for controlling cell behaviors. Materials Today. 2018; 21 (1): 38–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2017.07.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lien SM, Ko LY, Huang TJ. Effect of pore size on ECM secretion and cell growth in gelatin scaffold for articular cartilage tissue engineering. Acta Biomater. 2009; 5 (2): 670–679. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.09.020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lien SM, Ko LY, Huang TJ. Effect of pore size on ECM secretion and cell growth in gelatin scaffold for articular cartilage tissue engineering. Acta Biomater. 2009; 5 (2): 670–679. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.09.020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murphy CM, Haugh MG, O’Brien FJ. The effect of mean pore size on cell attachment, proliferation and migration in collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2010; 31 (3): 461–466. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.063.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murphy CM, Haugh MG, O’Brien FJ. The effect of mean pore size on cell attachment, proliferation and migration in collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2010; 31 (3): 461–466. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.063.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harley BA, Kim HD, Zaman MH, Yannas IV, Lauffenburger DA, Gibson LJ. Microarchitecture of three-dimensional scaffolds influences cell migration behavior via junction interactions. Biophys J. 2008; 95 (8): 4013–4024. doi: 10.1529/biophysj.107.122598.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harley BA, Kim HD, Zaman MH, Yannas IV, Lauffenburger DA, Gibson LJ. Microarchitecture of three-dimensional scaffolds influences cell migration behavior via junction interactions. Biophys J. 2008; 95 (8): 4013–4024. doi: 10.1529/biophysj.107.122598.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Passos MF, Carvalho NMS, Rodrigues AA, Bavaresco VP, Jardini AL, Maciel MRW et al. PHEMA hydrogels obtained by infrared radiation for cartilage tissue engineering. International journal of chemical engineering. 2019; ID 4249581. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4249581.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Passos MF, Carvalho NMS, Rodrigues AA, Bavaresco VP, Jardini AL, Maciel MRW et al. PHEMA hydrogels obtained by infrared radiation for cartilage tissue engineering. International journal of chemical engineering. 2019; ID 4249581. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4249581.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gloria A, Causa F, De Santis R, Netti PA, Ambrosio L. Dynamic-mechanical properties of a novel composite intervertebral disc prosthesis. J Mater Sci: Mater Med. 2007; 18: 2159–2165 doi 10.1007/s10856-007-3003-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gloria A, Causa F, De Santis R, Netti PA, Ambrosio L. Dynamic-mechanical properties of a novel composite intervertebral disc prosthesis. J Mater Sci: Mater Med. 2007; 18: 2159–2165 doi 10.1007/s10856-007-3003-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moskalewski S, Hyc A, Osiecka-Iwan A. Immune response by host after allogeneic chondrocyte transplant to the cartilage. Microsc Res Tech. 2002; 58 (1): 3–13. doi: 10.1002/jemt.10110.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moskalewski S, Hyc A, Osiecka-Iwan A. Immune response by host after allogeneic chondrocyte transplant to the cartilage. Microsc Res Tech. 2002; 58 (1): 3–13. doi: 10.1002/jemt.10110.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Александров BH, Соколова MO, Комаров AB, Михайлова EB, Кокорина AA, Кривенцов AB. Kлеточные технологии для регенерации хрящевой ткани. Цитология. 2020; 62 (3): 160–172. doi: 10.31857/S0041377120030025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleksandrov VN, Sokolova MO, Komarov AV, Mikhailova EV, Kokorina AA, Kriventsov AV. Cell technologies in cartilage regeneration. Tsitologiya. 2020; 62 (3): 160–172. doi: 10.31857/S0041377120030025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kurlyandskaya GV, Blyakhman FA, Makarova EB, Buznikov NA, Safronov AP, Fadeyev FA et al. Functional magnetic ferrogels: From biosensors to regenerative medicine. AIP Advances. 2020; 10: 125128. https://doi.org/10.1063/9.0000021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurlyandskaya GV, Blyakhman FA, Makarova EB, Buznikov NA, Safronov AP, Fadeyev FA et al. Functional magnetic ferrogels: From biosensors to regenerative medicine. AIP Advances. 2020; 10: 125128. https://doi.org/10.1063/9.0000021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
