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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vtio</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник трансплантологии и искусственных органов</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1995-1191</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Academician V.I.Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs", Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15825/1995-1191-2019-2-59-68</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vtio-1021</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТРАНСПЛАНТАЦИЯ ОРГАНОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Стеноз центральных вен и методы его лечения у больных на гемодиализе</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Central venous stenosis and methods of its treatment in hemodialysis patients</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карданахишвили</surname><given-names>З. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kardanakhishvili</surname><given-names>Z. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зулькарнаев</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zulkarnaev</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зулькарнаев Алексей Батыргараевич</p><p>129110, Москва, ул. Щепкина, 61/2, корпус 6, Тел. (916) 705-98-99</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zulkarnaev Alexey Batyrgaraevich</p><p>Building 6, 61/2, Shchepkina str., Moscow, 129110, Tel. (916) 705-98-99</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">7059899@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ МО Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт имени М.Ф. Владимирского</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>M.F. Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>07</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>59</fpage><lpage>68</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Карданахишвили З.Б., Зулькарнаев А.Б., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Карданахишвили З.Б., Зулькарнаев А.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kardanakhishvili Z.B., Zulkarnaev A.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.transpl.ru/vtio/article/view/1021">https://journal.transpl.ru/vtio/article/view/1021</self-uri><abstract><p>Общепризнано, что оптимальным сосудистым доступом является артериовенозная фистула (АВФ). Тем не менее доля больных, получающих гемодиализ с использованием центральных венозных катетеров, весьма высока. Во многом благодаря этому частота встречаемости стенозов центральных вен (СЦВ) у этой категории больных одна из самых высоких: распространенность колеблется в пределах от 2 до 40%. На фоне функционирующей АВФ с ипсилатеральной стороны стенозы центральных вен протекают со значительно более выраженной симптоматикой, чем в общей популяции больных с этой патологией. Нет сомнений в том, что стеноз центральных вен является предвестником тромбоза АВФ, рецидивирующих инфекций, снижения кровотока по конечности в целом и АВФ - в частности, а следовательно - увеличения рециркуляции и снижения эффективности ГД. «Золотым стандартом» лечения СЦВ являются эндоваскулярные хирургические вмешательства. Технический успех составляет как минимум 80-90% случаев. Как правило, эндоваскулярные операции не только приводят к немедленному разрешению симптоматики венозной гипертензии, но и позволяют использовать фистульную вену для гемодиализа в ближайшие сроки после вмешательства. В то же время клинический успех достигается значительно реже. Первичная проходимость через полгода составляет примерно 50%, вторичная проходимость через два года - 60-80%. Использование режущих баллонов может быть ассоциировано с большей вторичной проходимостью по сравнению с использованием стандартных баллонных катетеров, но несколько повышает риск осложнений. Эффективным способом улучшения результатов пластики СЦВ является использование стентов, которые позволяют увеличить показатели проходимости после операции. Показания для первичного использования стентов - вопрос дискутабельный. Однако стентирование бесспорно эффективно в случае быстрого возникновения возвратного стеноза или ригидного стеноза и рекойла (recoil) сразу после операции. Помимо этого, одной из проблем, связанных с применением стентов, является опасность их миграции. Этот риск возрастает у больных с функционирующей АВФ. Скепсиса в отношении использования стентов у больных на гемодиализе также добавляет тот факт, что в рандомизированных контролируемых исследованиях при сравнении изолированной баллонной ангиопластики и ангиопластики с использованием непокрытых стентов достоверной разницы в рецидивировании стеноза не выявлено. В то же время использование покрытых стентов дает значимое увеличение выживаемости доступа. Кроме того, использование баллонных катетеров с лекарственным покрытием может обеспечить некоторое преимущество по сравнению со стандартными баллонами. Открытые хирургические вмешательства имеют несколько лучшие результаты лечения СЦВ (годовая первичная проходимость 80-90%) по сравнению с эндоваскулярными методами. Тем не менее открытые реконструкции сопряжены со значительно большим риском интра- и послеоперационных осложнений, в большинстве случаев требуют пересечения ключицы или стернотомии, наркоза, а также сопряжены с большей послеоперационной летальностью. В связи с этим общепринятым методом лечения стеноза центральных вен заслуженно считается чрескожная транслюминальная ангиопластика. Открытые оперативные вмешательства могут применяться в случае безуспешных попыток разрешить стеноз эндоваскулярно при сохранении выраженной клинической симптоматики. Налицо факт того, что имеющиеся методы лечения этой патологии у пациентов на гемодиализе с функционирующим сосудистым доступом не в полной мере удовлетворяют клинические потребности. В настоящее время нет единого мнения относительно многих аспектов применения эндоваскулярных вмешательств для коррекции дисфункции постоянного сосудистого доступа, что требует проведения дополнительных исследований.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>There is no doubt that the optimal vascular access is arteriovenous fistula (AVF). However, the proportion of patients receiving hemodialysis using central venous catheters is very high. Largely due to this, the incidence of central venous stenosis (CVS) in this category of patients is one of the highest: the prevalence ranges from 2 to 40%. Against the background of functioning AVF from the ipsilateral side, CVS proceeds with much more pronounced symptoms than in the general population of patients with this pathology. There is no doubt that stenosis of the central veins is a precursor of AVF thrombosis, recurrent infections, reduction of blood flow in the limb in general and AVF in particular, and consequently - increase in recirculation and decrease in the effectiveness of HD. Endovascular surgery is the «gold standard» treatment for CVS. Technical success is at least 80-90% of the cases. As a rule, endovascular operations not only lead to the immediate reduction of symptoms of venous hypertension, but also allow the use of fistulas for hemodialysis in the near future after the intervention. At the same time, clinical success is achieved much less frequently. Primary patency in six months is about 50%, secondary patency in two years - 60-80%. The use of cutting balloon catheters may be associated with greater secondary patency than using standard balloon catheters, but slightly increases the risk of complications. An effective way to improve the results of CVS plastic is the use of stents, which allow to increase the patency after surgery. Indications for the primary use of stents is a debatable issue. However, stenting is undoubtedly effective in the case of rapid occurrence of recurrent stenosis or rigid stenosis and recoil immediately after surgery. In addition, one of the problems associated with the use of stents is the risk of their migration. This risk increases in patients with functioning AVF. Skepticism about the use of stents in patients on hemodialysis is also added by the fact that in randomized controlled studies, when comparing isolated balloon angioplasty and angioplasty using uncovered stents, there was no significant difference in the recurrence of stenosis. At the same time, the use of covered stents provides a significant increase in access survival. In addition, the use of drug-coated balloon catheters may provide some advantage over standard uncoated balloon catheters. Open surgical interventions have slightly better results in the treatment of CVS (annual primary patency of 80-90%) compared to endovascular methods. Nevertheless, open reconstructions are associated with a much greater risk of intra- and postoperative complications, in most cases require clavicle section or sternotomy, general anesthesia, and are associated with greater postoperative mortality. In this regard, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is deservedly considered to be a common method of treatment of CVS. Open surgery can be used in case of unsuccessful attempts to resolve stenosis endovascular while maintaining a pronounced clinical symptoms. On the face of the fact that the available methods of treatment of this pathology in patients on hemodialysis with functioning vascular access do not fully meet the clinical needs. Currently, there is no consensus on many aspects of the use of endovascular interventions for the correction of vascular access dysfunction, which requires additional research.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>артериовенозная фистула</kwd><kwd>стеноз центральных вен</kwd><kwd>гемодиализ</kwd><kwd>венозная гипертензия</kwd><kwd>сосудистый доступ</kwd><kwd>эндоваскулярная ангиопластика</kwd><kwd>стентирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>arteriovenous fistula</kwd><kwd>central vein stenosis</kwd><kwd>hemodialysis</kwd><kwd>venous hypertension</kwd><kwd>vascular access</kwd><kwd>endovascular angioplasty</kwd><kwd>stenting</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malas MB, Canner JK, Hicks CW, Arhuidese IJ, Zar-kowsky DS, Qazi U et al. Trends in incident hemodialysis access and mortality. 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